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賓州選舉法的那些事兒

(2020-12-11 11:45:34) 下一個

德龍

從克魯茲說起

泰德·克魯茲(Ted Cruz)答應上最高法院,為國會眾議員邁克·凱利(Mike Kelly)及賓州32位共和黨人大代表辯論。這項訴訟(法庭之友No. 20A98)指控賓州選舉中的不公。

克魯茲參與的理由是,

眼下這個國家,39%的美國人相信,剛剛過去的這場選舉被操縱了,這是關乎對我們的選舉製度完整性有沒有信心的大問題。(When you look at a country where 39% of Americans right now believe this last election was rigged, that's a real problem for confidence in the integrity of our electoral system.)

賓州的情況更糟,因為賓州最高法院偏袒民主黨,他們頒布的好些決定,一眼就能看出和法律背道而馳。選舉不該如此。(in Pennsylvania,  the problem was made worse because the Pennsylvania Supreme Court is a partisan Democratic court that issued multiple decisions just on their face contrary to the law.  That's not how elections are supposed to work.)

“賓州最高法院偏袒民主黨”(民主黨5,共和黨2),這句話很容易讓人反感,你克魯茲本人是共和黨參議員,從你口中說出,它就不是中立的實據,不乏攻擊指責的嫌疑。方可以用同樣的邏輯指控聯邦最高法院偏袒共和黨。

克魯茲,當今立法,司法界的標杆人物,他開口,沒人攻擊才怪呢。

對立派的反駁

金伯利·韋勒(Kimberly L. Wehle),CBS新聞法律分析師,法學教授,在題為《泰德·克魯茲要扔掉7百萬人的選票,駭人聽聞》(Ted Cruz Wants to Toss Out 7 Million People’s Votes. Appalling)一文中寫道,

凱利團隊爭辯道,雖然選舉過程屬於州法律的範疇,但是賓州立法機關決定在11月3日選舉前擴大郵寄選舉違犯了聯邦憲法,因為遵照賓州憲法,賓州立法機關事實上沒有資格授權賓州郵寄選舉。(Team Kelly argues that, even though election procedures are a matter of state law, the federal Constitution was violated when the Pennsylvania legislature decided to expand mail-in voting prior to the November 3 election because the Pennsylvania legislature in fact doesn’t have the power under the Pennsylvania constitution to authorize mail-in voting in Pennsylvania.)

克魯茲-嚴格憲政主義者-迫不及待地要站到美國最高法庭上辯駁,賓州立法機關無權批準推廣郵寄選舉,但有權廢棄賓州境內投下的每一票,同時把其自身的政治夙願強加在賓州公民頭上。(Cruz—the strict constructionist—is eager to stand before the U.S. Supreme Court to argue that the Pennsylvania legislature had no power to allow universal mail-in voting, but does have the power to throw out every single vote cast in Pennsylvania and impose its own political will on the citizens of Pennsylvania.)

邁克·凱利和他的同夥辯駁說,他們“沒有特異功能”來預料自己會“受害於違憲的選舉“。凱利雖隻是美國眾議院的現任成員,但畢竟,為了公平起見,賓州的選民應該犧牲數百萬張依照憲法投出的選票,來補救他受的傷。(Mike Kelly and company argue that they “had no specialized knowledge” to even know that they’d “been harmed by an unconstitutional election.” Kelly is only a sitting member of the U.S. House of Representatives, after all. In fairness to him, Pennsylvania voters should have to remedy his injury by sacrificing their millions of constitutionally cast votes.)

就算不是訓練有素的律師 [我,金伯利是訓練有素的律師哦!你克魯茲,狗屁!],也能看穿這些論點扭曲的本質。現實再清楚不過了,最起碼的斯文,和公正,同賓州選民站在一起,沒說的。(It doesn’t take a trained lawyer to grasp the tortured nature of these arguments, and the obvious reality that basic decency and fairness weigh in favor of Pennsylvania voters, full stop.)

(憲法)第一條第4節寫著,“選舉參眾議員的時間,地點,方式,應由各州的立法機關規定。”關於總統選舉,(憲法)第二條第1節指出,“各州應按照立法機關指導的方式,委派若幹選舉人。”(Article I, Section 4 states that “the Times, Places and Manner of holding Elections for Senators and Representatives, shall be prescribed in each State by the Legislature.” For presidential elections, Article II, Section 1 states that “each State shall appoint, in such Manner as the Legislature thereof may direct, a Number of Electors.)

翻譯一下:選舉法,州立法機關說了算,包括決定總統選舉。律師先生,就這麽簡單。[能感覺到韋勒檄文時對自己的崇拜](Translation: State legislatures decide election laws, including those governing elections for president. That happened here, counsel.)

字字鏗鏘,飽含憤怒,擲地有聲!看得我滿眼的熱血:凱利可惡!克魯茲豬頭!

克魯茲是不是在家憋壞了?這麽沒素質,連“起碼的斯文“都夠不著的官司都接?還恬不知恥地滿大街去吹?

真的假的?要知真假,去Google,什麽都有,白紙黑字,誰蒙不了誰!

賓州選舉法縫縫補補的心路曆程

背景很重要

2019年到2020年,賓州參眾兩院都是共和黨為多數,州長湯姆·沃爾夫(Tom Wolf)是民主黨。

賓州2019第77號法案PA Act 77 of 2019

2019年10月,經賓州參眾兩院通過,州長簽署了選舉法修正案(PA Act 77 of 2019)。該修正案旨在擴大選民參選機會,同時確保唯有合法選民才能投票。修正的相關要點如下:

無理由郵寄選舉(No excuse mail-in voting)

任何人,無須理由,可以選擇郵寄選舉。之前,選民得提出選用缺席選票的理由。

50天郵寄選舉期限 (50-day mail-in voting period)

選舉前的50天,所有選民可以申請並提交郵寄或缺席選票。這是全美國最長的郵寄選舉期限。

15天注冊選舉的時間(15 more days to register to vote)

注冊選舉的截至日期,從選舉日前的30天,改為前15天。

延長郵寄和缺席選票提交的限期(Extends mail-in and absentee submission deadlines)

收到郵寄選票的截至時間改為選舉日晚8點。修改之前是選舉日前星期五的晚5點,這是全美國掐得最死的截至時間。

看到這兒,愛問問題的理科生,是不是有點糊塗?韋勒的雄文列舉的罪狀之一,凱利和32位共和黨幫凶反對“賓州立法機關決定在11月3日選舉前擴大郵寄選舉。“ 沒猜錯的話,韋勒指的“賓州立法機關決定在11月3日選舉前擴大郵寄選舉“,應該就是賓州2019第77號法案。

糊塗1:韋勒給我的感覺是,擴大郵寄選舉發生在11月3日前不久,現在都一年前了!

糊塗2:韋勒給我的感覺是,凱利和32位共和黨幫凶, 同賓州立法機關是對立的,可現在32位共和黨幫凶本身就是“賓州立法機關”成員。

糊塗3:韋勒的故事邏輯是,共和黨把持著賓州參眾兩院,一年前通過了修正案,擴大郵寄選舉,現在反悔了,到聯邦最高法院起訴,打自己的臉。很虐心的故事!

解惑

聽聽參與到法庭之友訴訟(No. 20A98)的賓州共和黨議員朱迪·沃德(Judy Ward)怎麽說,

我們支持77號法案的通過,因為我們相信每一位賓州人應該擁有更多的機會參與到我們的民主程序。謹慎起草的法案保護選舉的完整性,包含了有關截止日期和簽名驗證的特定規定。第77號法案是多年努力的結晶,得到共和黨,民主黨,和州長的支持。(We supported passage of Act 77 because we believed every Pennsylvanian should have more opportunities to participate in our democratic process. The legislation was carefully drafted to protect the integrity of our elections and included specific provisions relating to deadlines and signature verification. Act 77 was the product of years of work and received support from Republicans, Democrats and the governor.)

韋勒激昂的聲討,難道就這麽垮了?一位“訓練有素的律師“,在辯駁前,難道不先了解一下對方的訴求?

那麽賓州共和黨人認為不公的理由到底是什麽?“聰明人”會說,還能為什麽?不就是因為不服大選結果嘛!錯!就算共和黨人都是腦殘,隻為了改變大選結果,那這也隻能是目的,而不能作為上最高法院打官司的理由。再裝,也得有個擺得上桌麵的理由!

賓州民主黨,最高法院的縫補過程(J-96-2020

2020年7月10日,賓州民主黨提起即時訴訟,以請願書的形式,要求賓州最高法院,圍繞第77號法案的5個議題,作出法理解釋,裁決。

2020年9月17日,賓州最高法院大法官馬克斯·貝爾(Justice Max Baer)在他63頁的意見書中寫到,

“允許縣選舉委員會接收他們辦公所在地,集票箱以外的地點,送來的郵寄選票。” (Page 19. to allow county boards of election to accept hand-delivered mail-in ballots at locations other than their office addresses including drop-boxes)

 “關於在此期間收到的沒有郵戳,沒有郵寄證明,或郵戳,郵寄證明難以辨別的選票,我們決定,任何一張2020年11月6日晚5點前收到的選票,都會被認定為是選舉日當天寄出的,除非有充足的證據證明該選票是選舉日之後寄出的。(Page 37. addressing ballots received within this period that lack a postmark or other proof of mailing, or for which the postmark or other proof of mailing is illegible. Accordingly, in such cases, we conclude that a ballot received on or before 5:00 p.m. on November 6, 2020, will be presumed to have been mailed by Election Day unless a preponderance of the evidence demonstrates that it was mailed after Election Day)

這才是點燃共和黨法庭之友訴訟No. 20A98的導火索!之一。

法庭之友訴訟No. 20A98Amicus Curiae Brief

“法庭之友”,拉丁文“Amicus Curiae”,英文“A friend of the court”。指在訴訟案件中,沒有直接涉及法律利益的私人或團體,為了向法院說明其對該案件相關法律爭議上的意見澄清立法意旨、理清模糊的法律規定、通知法院關於案件事實的真實情況等等的目的,主動向法院提出書麵報告,以協助法院更公正地做出裁決。

2020年12月4日,國會眾議員凱利(Mike Kelly)及賓州32位共和黨人大代表,向聯邦最高法院大法官阿裏托(Samuel A. Alito)遞交了法庭之友的起訴書No. 20A98。

動議

法庭之友,賓州人大成員,都直接參與了2019年第77號法案,及2020年第12號法案的通過。確保各州的立法者和立法機關,在不受行政和司法越權幹涉的前提下,有製定法律的責任和職責,直接關乎我們的利害。(Amicus Curiae, Members of the General Assembly were directly involved in the passage of Act 77 of 2019 (Act of October 31, 2019, P.L. 552, No. 77 (“Act 77”)) and Act 12 of 2020 (Act of Mar. 27, 2020, § 1, P.L. No. 41, No. 12.), and have a direct and substantial interest in ensuring that the province and duty of lawmakers and legislatures of each state to create laws is protected from overreach by the executive and judicial branches.)

如果本法庭準允申請人禁令申請,或按照法理,認同申請人,人大代表們就有可能應邀履行憲法賦予的職責,在聯邦安全港期限前,或選舉人開會和投票之日前,任命選舉人。(Should this Court grant Applicants’ injunctive application, or find in favor of Applicants on the merits, Members of the General Assembly could potentially be called on to play a constitutionally-vested role in the appointment of electors prior to either the Federal Safe Harbor deadline or the day of meeting and voting of electors.)

據此,人大代表謹請準予提交本法庭之友,向法院闡明立法者,以及全國立法機關的重要性。批準申請人的禁令申請並授予證書。批準此申請,從而明確警告高度黨派化的司法,及其對賓州政府同等分支機構立法權的行政掠奪。(Accordingly, Members of the General Assembly respectfully request leave to file this amicus brief to articulate to the Court the importance, to lawmakers and legislative bodies across the country, of granting Applicants’ injunction application and granting certiorari. Granting the application will send a clear message to the highly partisan judicial and executive usurpation of the lawmaking power by co-equal branches of the Pennsylvania government.)

論據

賓州最高法院駁回本案的辯論,駁回的理由是鑒於訴訟人的法律行為,為之過晚。 本報告認為賓州最高法院,以及州秘書長在2020年的幹預行為,從根本上更改了77號法案關鍵條款的初衷,從而推翻了“為之過晚”的定論。(The Supreme Court of Pennsylvania dismissed this case as moot, basing its dismissal of Petitioners’ action on the common law doctrine of laches. This brief argues that the intervening actions of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania and the Secretary of the Commonwealth in 2020, fundamentally altered the original meaning of key provisions of Act 77, thereby defeating any laches argument)

賓州選舉法,經第77號法案修正,要求:(1)所有郵寄選票必須在選舉日當天晚八點收到,(2)投票站官員對現場選民的簽名進行身份核實,(3)縣選舉委員會在選舉日上午八時開會,對缺席選票和郵寄選票進行預核,(4)損壞的缺席選票和郵寄選票不能作數,而且(5)允許候選人及政黨選派的“觀察員”,觀察缺席選票及郵寄選票的敞票。在2020年9月17日(離選舉日不到七周)的決定中,賓州最高法院單方麵違背了第77號法案的明文規定,將收到郵寄選票的截止日期,從選舉日,延長至選舉日後的第三天,宣布,不帶郵戳郵寄的選票,假定為及時收到的選票,同時授權認可簽名未經核實的郵寄選票。(The Pennsylvania Election Code, as amended by Act 77, requires that: (1) all mail-in ballots to be received by eight o’clock P.M. on Election Day, (2) officials at polling places authenticate the signatures of in-person voters, (3) county boards of elections meet to conduct the pre-canvass of absentee and mail-in ballots after eight o’clock A.M. on Election Day, (4) defective absentee and mail-in ballots shall not be counted, and (5) “watchers” selected by candidates and political parties be permitted to observe the process of canvassing absentee and mail-in ballots.  In a decision rendered on September 17, 2020, less than seven weeks before Election Day, the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania unilaterally and in contravention of the express wording of Act 77 extended the deadline for mail-in ballots to be received from Election Day to three days following Election Day, declared ballots mailed without a postmark be presumed to have been received timely, and mandated that mail-in ballots lacking a verified voter signature be accepted.)

在2020年11月17日(選舉日後2周)的決定中,賓州最高法院裁決,縣選舉委員會可自行決定候選人代表在選票敞票,預查中所處的位置,即便是代表所在的位置遠離敞票,什麽舉動都觀察不到。(In a November 17, 2020 decision, the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania ruled that county election boards could individually determine the positioning of candidate representatives at ballot canvassing and pre-canvassing activities, even if it meant positioning candidates so far from the canvassing activities that no activities could be observed.)

賓州最高法院,及賓州政府的命令和規定,違反,阻撓,且從本質上篡改了州人大不久前修正的賓州選舉法中的明文規定。這些命令和規定,是在選舉日前後的數天,數周時間內公布的,在這種情況下,訴訟人沒有機會在選舉日前提出申訴。與賓州最高法院推斷的“坐等權利“相反,訴訟人在相當短的時間內,及時提出了申訴。(The orders and acts of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania and the Department of State of Pennsylvania contravened, frustrated and substantially modified the express provisions of the Pennsylvania Election Code, as recently amended by the General Assembly. Such orders and acts were made in the days and weeks leading up to, and immediately after, Election Day, thereby affording the Petitioners in this case little opportunity to raise their claim prior to Election Day. Rather than “sitting on their rights” as inferred by the Pennsylvania Supreme Court, the Petitioners acted reasonably expeditiously in raising their claim.)

大白話概述

我們32位賓州人大代表,是賓州立法機關的成員。2019年第77號法案是我們整的,100個沒意見!

250年前的聯邦憲法說好了三權鼎立,可到了賓州,司法賴賬,篡權!賓州最高法院迎合民主黨,在今年大選前不到2個月,歪曲了我們人大精心撰寫的賓州2019第77號法案!那可是共和黨,民主黨,州長都Yes了,板上釘釘的法律啊!司法私定律令,延長郵寄選票的截至日期,允許把沒有郵戳,郵戳模糊的都算成是選舉日收到的正當選票!

大選日2周後,賓州最高法院宣布,把決定監票人所處位置的權力,下放到各縣選舉委員會,監票人站得老遠,根本看不見敞票,都算合理。[那還監督個球啊!]

我們向賓州最高法院起訴,他們把官司踢了回來,理由是,“你們早幹嗎去了?!Too late!So sad!哈哈!” 我們[TMD]可沒sit on our hands啊!你們大選前後頻繁動作,沒日沒夜的給選舉法發補丁(就算要發補丁,也得我們人大發!),我們動作夠快的啦!

萬能的憲法上說,選舉法,州立法機關說了算,包括決定總統選舉。[這點韋勒沒分歧]賓州司法的手伸得太長,太長,違反了憲法。謹請聯邦最高法院的大法官們,依據法理準允我們的論點。千萬別學賓州最高法院,隻根據司法程序,而不看我們精湛的論點,草率地駁回我們的起訴。

如果尊敬的大法官們和我們站一邊兒,就能狠狠地教訓一下賓州司法,同時也給全國的司法,行政敲響警鍾!千萬別不把三權鼎立當個P!

順便說一下,等塵埃落定,我們就可以根據憲法,由人大決定賓州的選舉團票投給誰。Yeeha![這的確是合法的]

法庭之友的命運(ORDER LIST: 592 U.S.)

拒絕!

聯邦最高法院的決議就這麽簡單。

尾聲

故事就這麽不了了之了。對隻注重結果的人,總算也有個交代了,畢竟你也讀到了這裏,辛苦了!對我而言,樂趣在於解惑。

(所提到的文獻都有鏈接,翻譯德龍)

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