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自然辯證法的邏輯困境

(2025-09-28 13:27:56) 下一個

自然辯證法自稱能揭示自然界發展的普遍規律,但仔細推敲,它的邏輯卻含糊不清,既不能提供準確推理,也無法被證偽,因此難以真正指導科學研究。

最常見的例子是“量變到質變”。自然辯證法常舉水沸騰為例:加熱到一定溫度,液態水轉變為水蒸氣。然而問題隨之而來:如果繼續加熱水蒸氣,會不會再發生新的質變?這樣的質變究竟能發生幾次?在什麽條件下發生?千萬別告訴我要經過九九八十一變,去暗和周易之數。同樣,水結冰也可以被視作一次“量變到質變”,但當我們進一步降溫時又會如何?大家都知道,絕對零度不可達,因此所謂“繼續質變”的說法在科學上沒有意義,甚至是“量變”本身也不能進行。這表明“量變到質變”並不是一種可操作的預測方法,而隻是事後對現象的套用。(千萬別告訴我說,導師們舉錯例子了:溫度升高或者降低不是量變!)

再看“矛盾統一律”。如果簡單套用“對立統一”的邏輯,那麽有“萬有引力”就必然要去尋找“萬有斥力”;有熵增定律就必然要推斷出某種“熵減”的孤立係統。這樣的推理聽起來似乎對稱合理,但科學證據並不支持,結果隻是空想。

自然辯證法的另一大問題在於,它常常依賴於對已有科學成果的事後解釋,而不是提供可以檢驗的新預測。這就好比某些基金經理拿過去的股市數據建立一個模型,並聲稱能“必勝大盤”。在展示曆史數據時,模型似乎處處正確,但一旦放到未來,便顯露出其空洞無效。這正是偽科學的特征:聽起來頭頭是道,但經不起推敲與檢驗。

綜上,自然辯證法既不能提供精確推理,也無法提出可證偽的預測,它更像是一種解釋上的“安慰劑”,而不是科學方法。

 

最後,附上幾個卡爾·波普爾(Karl Popper)對辯證法的評論 (ChatGTP幫我找的):

"The dialectical method... does not in fact solve any scientific problems. It consists of a collection of impressive-sounding but vague and meaningless phrases."
The Open Society and Its Enemies, Vol. II

 

"Marx's theory of history... was a scientific theory. It was a bold hypothesis, and therefore, if false, certainly falsifiable. But when it was interpreted and revised... it became unfalsifiable. It became a dogma. And so the Marxist theory of history, like psychoanalysis, became a typical pseudo-science."
Conjectures and Refutations (1963)

 

"Hegel’s dialectic... became part of Marxist orthodoxy. The Marxist 'laws of dialectics' are neither empirical nor scientific. They can be used to 'explain' anything and everything — and for that very reason, they explain nothing."
Unended Quest: An Intellectual Autobiography (1976)

 

While Popper didn’t write a full critique focused only on Dialectics of Nature, he mentions Engels’ dialectics in general critiques of Marxism:

"Engels and Lenin tried to make dialectics into a general method for science. This attempt failed. Real scientific methods are critical and empirical, not dialectical."
Postscript to the Logic of Scientific Discovery (1983)

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