民族軍隊感言(上)
一, 導論
以下是本文的大綱。
一, 導論
A, 本文寫作目的
B, 墨子論敦正國家社會風氣的重要性
C, 詞匯
二, 全民皆兵
三, 英國皇家海軍
四, 以色列兵役製度中的女性成員
五, 拉壯丁
六, 概論
民主的定義: 國民的主觀願望。
一國的事務由國民的主觀願望來投票表決。所以英國國會投票通過派海軍以武力推銷鴉片的買賣,所以英國國會長期通不過禁止奴隸的買賣,所以美國要於1776年脫離英國宣告獨立,而香港尚申請BNO於2020年,所以法國國民在悲壯的法國大革命中殺了皇帝皇後,又轉過頭來熱烈擁戴拿破侖登基稱帝,所以德國人民被希特拉鼓足幹勁向死亡賣力。一般鄉愚對民主的定義大多官樣文章,就像中國的憲法一樣,舌頭被割就是言論自由。
暴君的興起,因為有肥沃的土壤和忠心的幫凶。獨裁的霸道,因為有無數狼虎一樣的打手求職。有時教育、法律、宗教,一點用處都沒有。殺頭的生意有人做,千古以來萬裏求官隻為錢衣錦還鄉,黨爭可以毀滅人樣,與魔鬼握手到處盛行。
日本人說,崖山之後無中國(有骨氣者全沒了)。
韓國人說,明亡之後無華夏(無中華儒家)。知道的人心知肚明,不知的人說了也是白說,
A, 本文寫作目的
當一切教導和勸勉都失敗時,最後的教訓就是打,就是當頭捧喝。民族軍隊就是這最後的一著,最後的辦法。但我們的打不是體刑,是長時間的臥地挺身,是高難度的體操,是長距離的跑步。讓軍訓體操來鍛煉我們的身體,在碎石上,在泥漿中,在水溝裏,貼腹爬行前進。在炎夏的烈日之下急行軍,操作訓練場中各項障礙設備,汗流浹背,每塊肌肉都在酸痛。養而不教,枉為人父,有國體無法製,九州華夏是不是個文明教化的爛攤子。但望黃帝在天之靈庇佑,炎黃子孫都能在汗水中醒悟過來,重生過來,立誌為人,當個頂天立地的漢家兒女。一個偉大的國家,一定要有一國偉大的公民。年青人都應該知道和領會身體健康的無比喜樂,人格健康的高貴尊嚴,國民團結的巨大能量。墨子27章 天誌(中),天下有義則治,無義則亂,是以知義之為善政也。戰爭有義則勝,無義則敗,是以知義之為作戰之必要也。
民族軍隊感言一文主旨在於對抗人性中的貪圖安逸、貪圖享受、懶惰、腐敗、任性、自私、傷害自己的健康、傷害自己的前途、傷害家庭的倫理、傷害社會的風氣、傷害國家的選舉、傷害國家的建設、傷害國家的武力、助長敵國以武力侵略的野心、助長敵國於南京大規模屠殺、助長敵國於中國搶光燒光殺光。自私腐敗可毀國家,可毀民族,決不能等閑視之。民族軍隊感言一文的目的在於嚴厲打擊自私腐敗的心態。以血為祭,以體格之苦練來健全心理健康,要歪種在軍營訓練中脫層皮。全民皆兵,無例外。民風之敗,敗於有權有錢的人在和平時享福,打仗時別人去死。由這等自私腐敗者來投票選舉,開玩笑嗎。他們妒賢嫉能,隻會舉豬頭選走狗。
多年來在台灣讀大學的華僑學生都要上成功嶺,接受兩個月的新兵訓練,才能拿到大學學位。1970年有一些印尼來的僑生不喜歡這兩個月的辛苦,回到印尼到處談論這一個加於印尼公民的新兵訓練。印尼政府就向台灣政府抗議,台灣無權要求印尼公民接受台灣的軍事訓練。於是印尼僑生以後就不用接受兩個月的新兵訓練。
印尼曾發生過許多大規模的排斥、屠殺、迫害華人的慘劇,如1945年的泗水慘案、1946年的萬隆慘案、文登慘案、山口洋慘案、巴眼亞底慘案、1947年巨港慘案、1965年至1967年全印尼的排華浪潮、1978年雅加達的反華騷亂、1980年中爪哇的排華暴動等。1998年的排華暴亂,雅加達有5000多家華人工廠店鋪、房屋住宅被燒毀,約170名華人婦女被強暴,近1200名華人被屠殺。抗戰前後,有這樣的一句話,不打中國人白不打。你不打他,他會自己中國人打中國人。
人性是否真的無救,不是的。請看今天最有健康公民意識的國家、最有愛國精神的以色列和芬蘭。兩個國家都在強大的外敵中生存下來,還能取勝,還能發展經濟,還能發展高科技,還能致身於全世界最高收入,最高生活水平之列。但我們不學日本和斯巴達,這類國家有殺人奴役別人的強烈意念。這類國家是狼是虎,所以日本吃了原子彈,所以希臘號稱民主的發源地,但至今見不到有複興的跡象。當年雅典與斯巴達之間的戰爭,足見其地之民皆有殺人奴役別人的強烈意念,他們的民主選舉都受到殺人奴役別人的強烈意念所支配,所以殺了蘇格拉底,所以投炸彈到反戰的皇叔首相近衛文磨家中。以色列和芬蘭則完全不同,至少到今天為止,以色列和芬蘭都是因自衛而戰,但求自保。兩者都是勇者之邦。
本文提議全民皆兵,國民教育要有學校教育和軍隊教育。男女平等,凡年齡到了18和19兩年,即高中三年級和大學一年級。每月第一個星期六上午在校接受軍訓,目的在鍛煉身體,準備到暑假入營受訓。受訓時間為兩個暑假,每個暑假十個星期。女性接受軍訓可參照以色列。今天男女分歧甚大,主要原因是男女在生長中遭遇太不相同。現在的社會和政治與過去大不一樣,重要原因之一就是女性有了投票和言論的權力,男女看問題不一樣,現在的社會和政治女性化多了,小孩化多了,過去的大男性主義已一去不複返。常備的國家軍隊還是按照現在的方式不變,軍校也與現在的方式不變,但因全民都接受兩年的軍訓和二十個星期的新兵入營,常備軍隊可大幅度減少。詳情在以下再論說。
這樣街上的民眾、警察、軍隊盡是軍人。這樣才有天下為公,水可覆舟之可能。廢話說了千千年,還要說下去嗎。若有屠殺大量徒手民眾的事件發生,民眾中有官有兵,馬上歸隊建立編製,以七十歲以上長者成立司令部。以百打一,想法爭取彈藥武器。自由自尊唯有勇者配亨。
B,墨子論敦正國家社會風氣的重要性
墨子
03章 所染
染於蒼則蒼,染於黃則黃,所入者變,其色亦變。
非獨染絲然也,國亦有染。舜染於許由,伯陽,禹染於皋陶,伯益,湯染於伊尹,仲虺,武王染於太公,周公。此四王者,所染當,故王天下,立為天子,功名蔽天地。
08章 尚賢(上)
是故國有賢良之士眾,則國家之治厚;賢良之士寡,則國家之治薄。故大人之務,將在於眾賢而已。
11章 尚同(上)
唯以其能一同其鄉之義,是以鄉治。
唯以其能一同其國之義,是以國治。
唯以其能一同天下之義,是以天下治。
唯以尚同為政者也,故古者聖王之為政若此。
14章 兼愛(上)
當察亂何自起?起不相愛。臣子之不孝君父,所謂亂也。子自愛,不愛父,故虧父而自利;弟自愛,不愛兄,故虧兄而自利;臣自愛,不愛君,故虧君而自利,此所謂亂也。
父自愛也,不愛子,故虧子而自利;兄自愛也,不愛弟,故虧弟而自利;君自愛也,不愛臣,故虧臣而自利。是何也?皆起不相愛。
若使天下兼相愛,國與國不相攻,家與家不相亂,盜賊無有,君臣父子皆能孝慈,若此,則天下治。
26章 天誌(上)
天下有義則生,無義則死,有義則富,無義則貧,有義則治,無義則亂。
我有天誌,譬若輪人之有規,匠人之有矩,輪匠執其規、矩,以度天下之方圓。中者是也,不中者非也。
27章 天誌(中)
天下有義則治,無義則亂,是以知義之為善政也。
戰爭有義則勝,無義則敗,是以知義之為作戰之必要也。
B, 詞匯
體力障礙項目:
CONDITIONING OBSTACLE COURSES
Obstacles for Jumping, Obstacles for Dodging, Obstacles for Vertical Climbing and Surmounting, Obstacles for Horizontal Traversing, Obstacles for Crawling, Obstacles for Vaulting, Obstacles for Balancing.
CONFIDENCE OBSTACLE COURSES
Red Group: Belly Buster, Reverse Climb, Weaver, Hip-Hip, Balancing Logs, Island Hopper.
White Group: Tough Nut, Inverted Rope Descent, Low Belly-Over, Belly Crawl, Easy Balancer, Tarzan.
Blue Group: High Step-over, Swinger, Low Wire, Swing, Six Vaults, Wall Hanger.
Black Group: Inclining Wall, Skyscraper, Jump and Land, Confidence
Climb, Belly Robber, The Tough One.
RIFLE DRILL EXERCISES
Up and Forward, Fore-Up-Squat, Fore-Up-Behind Back, Fore-Up-Back Bend.
LOG-DRILL EXERCISES
Exercise 1-Two-Arm Push-Up, Exercise 2-Forward Bender, Exercise 3-Straddle Jump, Exercise 4-Side Bender, Exercise 5-Half-Knee Bend。
AQUATIC EXERCISE
Limited Liability: In the 17th century, joint-stock charters were awarded by the English Crown to monopolies such as the Bank of England and the East India Company. The world's first modern limited liability law was enacted by the state of New York in 1811. The English incorporated joint-stock companies following the Joint Stock Companies Act 1844. The investors in such companies carried unlimited liability until the Limited Liability Act 1855. In 1690 England's crushing defeat by France in the Battle of Beachy Head became the catalyst for England to rebuild itself as a global power. William III's government wanted to build a naval fleet. However, the ability to construct this fleet was hampered both by a lack of available funds and the low credit of the English government in London. This lack of credit made it impossible for the English government to borrow the £1,200,000 (at 8% per annum) that it wanted for the construction of the fleet. To induce subscription to the loan, the subscribers were to be incorporated by the name of the Governor and Company of the Bank of England. The Bank was given exclusive possession of the government's balances and was the only limited-liability corporation allowed to issue banknotes. The lenders would give the government cash and issue notes against the government bonds. The £1.2 million was raised in 12 days.
The East India Company: was a British joint-stock company founded in 1600. It was formed to trade in the Indian Ocean region, initially with the East Indies and later with Qing China. The company
ended up seizing control of large parts of the Indian subcontinent, parts of Southeast Asia, and Hong Kong and maintained trading posts and colonies in the Persian Gulf. The Dutch East India Company was established in 1602, as a chartered company to trade with Mughal India for several rival Dutch trading companies in the early 17th century. It was its 17th-century institutional innovations and business practices that laid the foundations for the rise of giant global corporations in subsequent centuries. It also served as the direct model for the British East India Company in 1657.
戴傳賢陳布雷:1949年不去台灣,自殺。戴言以前我們革別人的命,今天別人革我們的命。
鄧演達: 是孫中山任命的七名黃埔軍校籌委之一,曆任黃埔軍校教練部副主任、黃埔軍校教育長、北伐時當任國民革命軍總司令部政治部主任。黃埔前幾期的同學最喜愛的兩位師長,就是鄧演達和俄國來的嘉倫將軍。1927年後鄧演達反對蔣介石獨裁。1930年中國國民黨臨時行動委員會成立,鄧演達當任總幹事。1931年蔣介石被迫下野。下野前,蔣介石派人向鄧演達提出的釋放條件在蔣下野期間鄧演達不再寫反蔣文章,但被鄧演達拒絕。蔣介石感到鄧演達是他重新上台的極大障礙,將其殺害。死時37歲。
二, 全民皆兵
以2015年中國人口統計的資料來估計,則全民皆兵18歲的有一千六百萬,19歲的也有一千六百萬。若大戰暴發,19歲(或20)的入伍,最強壯的五百萬上前線,加上常備軍及長期職業研究戰爭的精銳軍官,應有足夠的兵力。再以五百萬的護士及醫療隨軍,戰場上倒下
來的馬上搶救。餘下19歲的就是後勤地勤,軍人都要有充足的彈藥和食物,盡量吃熱的。一年為期,明年就是今年18歲(或19)的上。一旦開戰,常備軍要有足夠的兵力擔任半年的作戰力量,非常備軍在開戰的前半年擔任預備隊,在戰場上訓練半年後,挑選優秀者上升與常備軍一同作戰。以色列男兵服役三十個月,女兵十八個月。黃埔四期生有1926年一月才入學,七月北伐開戰,十月四期生上戰場。現在的年輕人聰明多了,從少就玩手機。
因為全民皆兵,現在的常備軍可以大幅度減少,這筆省下來的經費可以用來加建高中大學的軍訓和體育設備。第一次需要經費大,以後每年維修經費低。高中三年級和大學一年級同學得在每月第一個星期六回校接受半天的軍訓,基本上訓練場所就在自己的學校,若是偏遠高中人數少,可作另外打算。高中三年級和大學一年級同學得在暑假入新兵營集訓十個星期,則每人入營兩個暑假共二十個星期。集訓的訓練場所也可在自己的學校,或作其他打算,這裏不作結論。大學一年級同學大多住校,學生宿舍變成軍營,規格全部按照軍中慣例。高中三年級同學也得在訓練場所住宿,課室變成軍營,可以嗎? 實際安排由國防部策劃,不再多言。年青人不上學的也由國防部決定如何接受軍訓。
全民皆兵絕不防礙同學的學業,健康的身體對學習的幫助很大。18歲同學得全部參加一個 IQ 考試,若成績高出若幹分數以上,則是很多軍方單位極需的英才,例如軍事通信密碼、核武器、太空衛星、軍用雷達、夜視設備(以色列軍可看到一裏遠)、坦克潛艇、高科技武器、軍事情報、作戰危機應變等等。今天的戰爭已經是高科技的戰爭。18歲的參與很可能是一生職業的開始,國家需要你,當然最後的決定還是由同學自己決定。國力就是工業生產力和兵力,到了今天,工業生產力就是高科技機械的創造和生產,兵力就是強悍的國民和他們的海陸空高科技武器知識。
兩年的軍訓有野外和室內兩部分,野外和體操應占百分七十的時間,目的在乎鍛煉身體,到了暑假就能操作高要求的新兵體力障礙項目。
室內課程應簡介國際間武力衝突的可能性,簡介過去的著名戰爭及其間的戰術,簡介各種槍炮、軍用飛機、軍用艦艇,和核武器等等。或許每兩年舉辦一個全國性的運動大會,等於後備軍人的回營集訓。兩年的軍事課程由專家決定,不再煩言。
暑假的新兵集訓營的體力障礙項目可分甲乙兩個等級,甚至甲乙丙三個等級,因為以統計學生物學的眼光來看,人的體能不可能全部一致。根據2020年第七次全國人口普查,男女18歲共一千六百萬,他們的體能不可能全部一樣。如果新兵體力障礙項目有16項,難度最高
的4項乙等或可不用操練,再甚至難度最高的6項丙等或可不用操練。急行軍也可分甲乙兩個距離,甚至甲乙丙三個距離。請專家決定,不再多言。甲等的同學很可能就是上前線的五百萬,乙丙兩等要在兩年的軍訓期間學習醫護常識。嚴禁強壯的同學逃避甲等或用不正當方法進入乙丙等,違者記一大過。同學故意犯重大違規行為或被記三大過者,要接受跳傘訓練。兩個暑假二十個星期,不發薪金,因為人數太大,但夥食費或可以增加到常備軍的一倍半來補償。
女同學如果因為女性的生理問題不能作體操,可以請假。男女平等是今天的訴求,軍中各種競爭機會對女性全部公開。真正的平等不在形式上,而在心理和思維的人心深處。希望全民皆兵的軍訓和經曆把男女之間的人生觀和看問題的思考方法盡量拉近,同心同德,無國則無家,每個人都在黃帝壇前看清楚自己的權利和義務。
三, 英國皇家海軍
大英帝國的皇家海軍(Royal Navy)建立了大英帝國,海軍基地遍布全球。看著下圖,目瞪口呆。香港常駐四條戰艦,就導致整個大清帝國動彈不得。這個力量從何而來。以下討論四點。
1,Admiral Drake, Admiral Hawkins, and the Privateer
2,與昏君性命相博的貴族, Sir John Eliot
3,全民買國券建軍艦,高利息高特權
4, Admiral Nelson and the Training Program
https://www.reddit.com/r/vexillology/comments/gckfwy/maps_and_flags_the_last_used_of_the_british_empire/
1, Admiral Drake, Admiral Hawkins, and The Privateer
Admiral Hawkins (1532-1595)
Admiral Drake (1546-1596)
戚繼光左都督 (1528-1588)
無獨有偶差不多同一時代,戚繼光左都督在太平洋的中國海岸抵抗倭寇,而 Admiral Hawkins 和 Admiral Drake 在大西洋的中南美海岸搶掠西班牙蒲萄牙船隻和海港而成巨富,終至 1588年打敗西班牙無敵艦隊。他們兩人都被英後伊利沙白一世冊封騎士,都是大英帝國皇家海軍數一數二的頭頭。當年的海盜英日都成為了日後富強的帝國主義者。戚繼光左都督終生精忠盡職,晚年卻是貧乏潦倒。
明朝276年間,121年皇帝不上朝。
明成祖: 弑位,殺方孝儒十族。
明武宗: 混妓院,太監劉瑾當道。
明世宗: 求長生不死。30多年不上朝,嚴嵩父子當政。
明神宗: 30多年不上朝。
明熹宗: 太監魏忠賢當道,殺東林黨,殺熊廷弼。
明思宗: 在位17年殺巡撫總督11人,換54個內閣大臣、13個戶部尚書、17個兵部尚書、17個刑部尚書,以上被換者多被殺,殺袁崇煥千刀慘無人道。明思宗上吊前,盡殺全家女性。三個兒子逃脫。但三個兒子朱慈烺、朱慈燦、朱慈煥均被清軍抓殺。
南明朝,福王和兩位唐王被清軍抓殺。魯王病死金門。桂王被吳三桂以弓弦絞死。不是不報,慘烈凶報。
西班牙興起
The Muslim Moors ruled parts of Spain and Portugal from 711 till 1492. In 1492 the Moors King surrendered the city Granada to Queen Isabella I of Castile and King Ferdinand II of Aragon. The Spanish had been fighting all the years (hundreds of years), against the invading Moors. In 1478 Queen Isabella I and King Ferdinand II established the Spanish Inquisition as using the Catholic faith to unite all the long-time hard-fighting Spanish and eventually kicked the Muslim Moors out of Spain.
Catholic monarchs Queen Isabella I and King Ferdinand II agreed to sponsor Columbus on a journey west in 1492 with three ships. Columbus landed on an island in the Bahamas of Central America. The Spanish then found gold and silver in Newfoundland. They plundered, killed, and looted all over Central and South America and shipped the treasures back to Spain.
英國興起
The Vikings were horrible privates or barbarians killing and looting all over South Europe for hundreds of years. They did horror to the South Europeans. They conquered England and lived in England (Danelaw,
Nottingham) but were soon defeated by the Anglo-Saxons. Yet many Vikings stayed in England and had intermarriage with the Scottish and English (1 million direct descendants today). The Anglo-Saxons were
also conquerors in England originating from almost the same places of the Viking just about four hundred years ahead of the later Vikings. 有點像漠北民族匈奴遼金蒙古。西方國家自15世紀遠洋冒險走遍全球打敗各大洲殖民四海,就是 Viking 自第十二世紀後的再次出擊。最值得大書特書的就是有一位名叫 Bosman 的 Viking 後代,他投身英國人的 Coolie Trade,來到香港,八年內和中國女子生了五位兒女就走了不再回頭。他的兒子香港首富何東爵士和孫子何世禮上將要幫助張學良報父仇保衛東北出重金買炮買機關槍。何世禮將軍是香港首富的繼承人,從少立誌從軍保衛中國,1927 年在英國軍事學校中宣告放棄英籍要當中國人。那時英國是世界霸主,而中國是東亞病夫。何世禮將軍終生是捍衛中國的職業軍人。中國人自此有了 Viking 血脈。
So the British robbed the treasures in the sea and sea harbors of The Atlantic Ocean, from the hands of another robber who robbed the American Indians. Admiral Hawkins 和 Admiral Drake 就是這些海盜的頭頭。他們搶到的財富大部分歸於船主。Admiral Hawkins 和 Admiral Drake 就是船主、船長,和殺人越貨的海盜。英後伊利沙白一世禦旨宣告一切贓物完全合法,完全歸於海盜所有。這些海盜穿上海軍製服就是大英帝國皇家海軍的將士。英後伊利沙白一世讓他們使用皇家海軍最大最快的艦船.她也分取一大份的贓物。這聖旨一出,全英國的梟雄(Viking-like)就把他們的命運和大英帝國綁成一體,向著黃金白銀勇猛衝刺。
西班牙長久與 Moors 作戰,建立了一支強悍的軍隊和艦隊。英後伊利沙白一世知道一時無法與西班牙公開作戰,得有一支與西班牙一樣
強大的艦隊之後才能計較。那得有巨大的軍費來造船造炮。錢從何來? 從海盜來。英國海盜的火炮和艦船比不上西班牙的艦隊,常被打敗或被擄,這些海盜飽嚐酷刑,種下了強烈的報仇心態和發憤圖強的決心。
他們在劣勢中深知船怎樣造才能快,海員怎樣操作才能充分發揮船的功能,到哪裏能找得到這些海員,火炮怎樣造才能在緊急關頭打中對方的要害,才能連續發炮高速不停。他們就是這樣造,這樣建造艦船,這樣組建團隊,海盜建造出來的軍艦和海軍,終至 1588年打敗了西班牙無敵艦隊。
2,與昏君性命相博的貴族, Sir John Eliot
李鴻章把北洋海軍軍費送與慈禧蓋造頤和園,慈禧就把北洋海軍的一品王八給李鴻章當。Sir John Eliot 卻一生與昏君拚搏,與昏君指派的奸臣苦鬥。英國自伊利沙白一世之後,接連三、四個昏君庸君,英軍慘被荷蘭海軍和法國海軍重創。法國海軍衝殺到泰晤士河,直指倫敦。Sir John Eliot 在 Parliament 不斷的指責海軍的當權者失職和敗事,但國王卻多次逮捕他,到了最後他直接攻擊國王,說國王無能領導大英海軍。出事的那天,他的朋友以強力按著國會會議主持人(Speaker),由國會書記(Clerk)宣讀 Sir John Eliot 預先寫好的一篇講章控告英王,得到國會通過彈核國王的決議案。他當然被捕,被關進監獄。這一次再也得不到釋放,直到病死獄中。這不是 Sir John Eliot 一個人的力量。他每次被捕,也每次再被選民選上國會。每次回到國會,國會議員都選舉他為重要案件的委員會委員。到了拚搏的時候,很多議員都挺身而出,與他一起拚命。這個昏君叫 King Charles I,他終被後來的大英共和國判刑,叛國罪砍頭死刑。
3,全民買國券建軍艦,高利息高特權
如上所言,多次敗仗之後,英國皇家海軍很多的艦船不是被燒,就是被擄。英國的遠洋商業貿易船隊也被戰勝國擄掠搶劫。戰勝國要獨霸遠洋貿易,就跟後來的英國一個模樣。沒有能打勝仗的海軍,就沒有遠洋貿易,就沒有錢,就無法建造艦隊,就沒有能打勝仗的海軍。這是一個敗局,怎樣破局? 去借,去跟國民借。誰會借給你? 發夢。去跟一間新成立擁有印刷鈔票高特權的銀行借,這銀行用高利潤率向全民賣國券建軍艦,高利息8%。英國國王和英國國會雙重承諾擔保。12天就借來一百二十萬英鎊。國難當頭,全國投資者同心同德,以後源源不斷買進國券(government bond),King William III 買進一萬英鎊, 終於建出了一支舉世無雙的大英皇家海軍艦隊。隻有英國人
侵占別人的,沒有別人能欺負英國人。到 1805 年英國(27艘)大敗法國(18艘)和西班牙(15艘)的聯合艦隊,從此橫行四海。8%的高利潤率帶來千倍萬倍的財富,獨霸海上遠洋貿易(包括 slave trade),黃金白銀滾滾而來。印度種的鴉片輸往中國從開始的400箱到幾十年後的60,000箱,Jamaica 黑奴種的甘蔗提煉為糖。大不列顛在殖民地收稅,在殖民地出售工業產品。大不列顛的一個鄉下人的生活比亞非國家的土皇帝活的還要好。一個受過最基礎教育的英國公民可以到殖民地當警官,管理百數的殖民地警察,管理萬數的殖民地居民。
http://sites.rootsweb.com/~irlcar2/wages.htm
Wages Per Year in the 1700s
Agricultural Laborers: £17,15s.,7d. average yearly nominal income.
Day Laborers: 16 to 18 pence a day
General Laborers: £19,4s.,5d. average yearly nominal income.
As people were unwilling to lend to the government, it was decided to get subscribers by making them shareholders in a corporation, called the Governor and Company of the Bank of England. It would then lend the money to the government at 8 percent, taking government bonds in exchange. The Bank of England was essentially receiving the government’s seal of approval, an inestimable benefit. The Bank was given the advantage of limited liability. As a general matter, limited liability companies did not take off in Britain until the 1850s. In 1708, the Bank was given a near-monopoly on printing
banknotes. Because banknotes paid no interest, the issuance of these notes, in addition to serving as a useful medium of exchange for the
public, was also a source of cheap capital to the Bank.
The legislation authorizing the loan, the Bank of England Act, also allowed those who invested to incorporate as a private bank, and the subscribers became shareholders. It was the provision in the 1694 loan allowing the investors to incorporate the Bank of England.
The Financial Revolution was a set of economic and financial reforms in Britain. The reforms were based in part on Dutch economic and financial innovations that were brought to England by William III. A public debt (government bonds) was issued in 1693, and the Bank of England was created in 1694. Soon thereafter, a stock market emerged. The elements of the financial revolution rested basically on the financial techniques developed in the Netherlands. It was used again in 1698 when a loan was raised allowing subscribers to incorporate a new East India Company, a business monopoly, and a political ruler in India and The Far East.
4, Admiral Nelson and The Training Program
1805年,英國皇家海軍(27艦)在一場血戰中大敗法國海軍(18艦)加西班牙海軍(15艦),法西兩國花費舉國財力打造的戰艦全部化為烏有,由此開始了英國皇家海軍獨霸全世界海洋的輝煌時代。Admiral Nelson 以他享譽全球的簡單戰術,把英艦分為兩隊,截斷一字型的法西艦隊為三段。法西艦隊的領頭第一段因為風帆的全速吹動,一時轉不回頭。就利用這段黃金時間,英艦以全部力量打擊法西三份之二的戰艦,加上英軍艦快炮快,登時萬炮連發,近距離高頻率痛轟不停。
Admiral Nelson 站在火線上指揮,一顆子彈打來,從手臂進入胸膛,登時倒地。所幸在他斷氣前,法西艦隊已完全被打垮。他最後的一句話留存千古, Thank God, I have done my duty。Admiral Nelson 身經百戰,以前曾經在海戰中失去右眼和右手。他12歲上艦船,隨即進入軍官訓練科班,在海上和海戰中流血流汗的實地學習上課,航遍四大洋,經曆怒海中的暴風巨浪,飽嚐熱帶蠻荒病毒。他深知艦船和火炮的特性,與戰士海員每天赤誠相處,體力和體能就在船上的夥食和操作中成長,殺人的狠毒和凶悍就在衝鋒陷陣你生我亡的情景下與日俱增。每戰必勇猛向前,斷手眼傷。他的從軍心得為“England expects that every man will do his duty. No captain can do very wrong if he places his ship alongside that of the enemy. ”果然如此,在他中彈倒地後,他的軍隊繼續血戰,更加勇挑重擔勇往直前,直到把對手全數打垮。這就是他對自己部隊的信任和信念,12歲就開始培養出來的。皇家海軍有無數12歲至14歲入伍的軍官。這就是 Admiral Nelson 年代的大英帝國皇家海軍,每位戰士海員都是從暴風巨浪槍林彈雨中打殺出來的勝利者。
英軍雖勇,但有兩次賴我中國軍人的救援。1,七千英軍被日軍包圍於緬甸,得孫立人將軍解救於緬甸仁安羌之戰。2,英軍被日軍包圍於香港,得徐亨將軍於夜間潛遊到英軍駐地救出其最高長官。
四, 以色列兵役製度中的女性成員
David Gurion had been the leader of the Israelite community in Palestine since 1935 under the British Mandate, and the first Prime Minister of Isreal from 1948 till 1963. The Yishuv was the body of Jewish residents in the land of Israel before the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948.
David Gurion said,
The Army is the supreme symbol of duty, and as long as women are not equal to men in performing this duty, they have not yet obtained
true equality. If the daughters of Israel are absent from the army, then
the character of the Yishuv will be distorted. Since you rightly believe
that the security of the State must be pursued night and day, I want you to know that security will not exist if our nation’s women do not
know how to fight. We are few, and our enemies are many. If, heaven
forbid, a war falls upon us, the men will go to fight the enemy, and if, heaven forbid, the women who are protecting their children at home do not know how to use a weapon. What will be their end if the enemy falls upon them?
The history of female combat soldiers in the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) can be divided into three distinct eras:
1, 1948: Women on full combat status during the War of Independence.
2, 1948 up to Late 1990's: No women allowed in combat roles. The rationale was that should a woman be captured by the enemy, the effect on national morale would be devastating.
3, 1990's-Present: Majority of combat positions open to women.
The Women’s Corps was founded on May 16, 1948, headed by a Brigadier General. The objectives of the Women’s Corps were:
1, To help realize the potential of women in the IDF.
2, To advise on specific issues about the military service of female soldiers.
3, To be responsible for the instruction and training of female recruits, and officers.
Within a year, the Women’s Corps was restructured, and female soldiers were dispersed throughout various units. From then and until the corps disbandment in 2001, servicewomen come under the direct command of the commander of the unit to which they are assigned, but the Women’s Corps constituted a professional support system for
women in the IDF.
Women currently perform compulsory military service in the IDF for a
period of two years, as opposed to nearly three years for males. In
2001, eligibility for women in the military reserves was extended until the age of 38, with an exemption for pregnant women or mothers.
All young women with Israeli citizenship are sent their first draft notice at age 17. During the year preceding their induction, they are classified and processed. The initial selection process includes the
preparation of a medical profile, a psycho technical examination, and verification of formal education and personal background. A large percentage of female candidates for military service are assigned postings before their actual conscription. A considerable number of women volunteer for pre-military courses, taken on their own time (as civilians) before their induction. These courses prepare candidates for military service in specific military occupational specialties. These options are important to both the needs of the IDF, which is interested in making maximum use of the ability of its recruits, and to the recruit, who is personally involved in establishing the course that her military service will take.
Historical developments
1997, Alice Miller, to be allowed to apply for Flight School.
2001, the first female fighter pilot, Roni Zuckerman, graduated from the Israel Air Force flight school.
2003, the first female combat helicopter finished the required course.
2010, 935 Modern-Orthodox Israeli women joined the IDF.
2017, Approximately 2,500 Modern-Orthodox Israeli women joined the IDF.
2012, 600 women joined co-ed combat battalions.
2013, 1,365 women joined co-ed combat battalions.
2016, 2,100 women were recruited to mixed-gender IDF battalions.
2017, more than 2,700 women were recruited to mixed-gender IDF battalions.
2011, Orna Barbivai was promoted to Major-General.
2014, Lieutenant Colonel, Oshrat Bacher, was assigned to be a combat Brigade Commander.
2018, a female pilot was named commander of a flight squadron.
2020, the creation of an all-female Merkava MK 4 tank crew.
Today, women make up 34% of all soldiers, and 57% of all officers. 92% of all positions within the IDF are open to women. According to the IDF,535 female Israeli soldiers had been killed in combat operations between 1962 and 2016. Helicopter engineer Sgt.-Maj. Keren Tendler was the first female IDF combat soldier to be killed in action.