約翰·洛克的教育思想(中英對照)-9: 教導的原則

EXAMPLE | Having under consideration how great the influence of company is, and how prone we are all, especially children, to imitation, I must here take the liberty to mind parents of this one thing, viz. That he that will have his son have a respect for him and his orders, must himself have a great reverence for his son. "Maxima debetur pueris reverentia". You must do nothing before him, which you would not have him imitate. If any thing escape you, which you would have pass for a fault in him, he will be sure to shelter himself under your example, and shelter himself so as that it will not be easy to come at him, to correct it in him the right way. If you punish him for what he sees you practise yourself, he will not think that severity to proceed from kindness in you, careful to amend a fault in him; but will be apt to interpret it the peevishness and arbitrary imperiousness of a father, who, without any ground for it, would deny his son the liberty and pleasures he takes himself. Or if you assume to yourself the liberty you have taken, as a privilege belonging to riper years, to which a child must not aspire, you do but add new force to your example, and recommend the action the more powerfully to him. For you must always remember, that children affect to be men earlier than is thought; and they love breeches, not for their cut or ease, but because the having them is a mark or step towards manhood. What I say of the father's carriage before his children, must extend itself to all those who have any authority over them, or for whom he would have them have any respect.

榜樣 | 考慮到夥伴的很大影響，以及我們每個人，尤其是孩子，都愛模仿別人，這裏我必須提醒父母一件事，就是如果希望他的兒子尊重他和他的命令，他自己必須也要十分尊重他的兒子。"後生可畏"。你一定不要在他麵前做任何你不想讓他仿效的事情。倘若你不小心做了任何事情，你認為他做就是過錯的話，那麽他必定會以你的榜樣為他的庇護，庇護他自己以致你不易抓住他、也不易用正確的方法糾正他。假如你因為他做了某件事而懲罰他，可是他看見你幹過同樣的事情，那麽他不會認為那嚴厲是出於你的愛護、是為了小心改正他的缺點；而會以為是出於你做父親的易怒與獨斷專橫，你自己有自由與快樂，卻無理地拒絕兒子有同樣的自由與快樂。若是你覺得你自己的自由是大人的特權，小孩是不應該期望的，那麽你所做的反而會給你的榜樣增加新的吸引力，使得他更想照樣去做。因此你要始終記住，小孩喜歡裝作成人比想像的要早；他們愛穿馬褲，並不是因為馬褲剪裁得體或易於穿著，而是因為穿上它是成人的一個標誌或步驟。我所說父親在孩子們麵前的舉止原則，也要推廣適用於一切有權管理小孩或者應受小孩尊敬的人。

But to return to the business of rewards and punishments. All the actions of childishness, and unfashionable carriage, and whatever time and age will of itself be sure to reform, being (as I have said) exempt from the discipline of the rod, there will not be so much need of beating children as is generally made use of. To which if we add learning to read, write, dance, foreign language, etc. as under the same privilege, there will be but very rarely an occasion for blows or force in an ingenuous education. The right way to teach them those things, is, to give them a liking and inclination to what you suppose to them to be learned, and that will engage their industry and application. This I think no hard matter to do, if children be handled as they should be, and the rewards and punishments above-mentioned be carefully applied, and with them these few rules observed in the method of instructing them.

不過回到獎勵與懲罰的問題來。所有稚氣的行為、不合宜的舉止、以及任何時間與年歲能改善的品行， (如我所說的)不受鞭杆的懲處，那就沒有多少需要像通常做法那樣打孩子了。如果我們把讀書、寫作、跳舞和外語等等放在同樣的特權下，那在正當的教育裏麵，笞責或強迫是很少用得上的。把這些東西教給他們的正確方法，是使他們喜愛與傾向你要他們學習的東西，這樣會激發他們的努力與用功。我認為這不難做到，隻要小孩能受到應當的方法對待，上麵所述的獎勵與懲罰能夠小心地施行，同時在教導他們的方法中能遵守下麵幾條簡單的規則。

TASK | 1. None of the things they are to learn, should ever be made a burden to them, or imposed on them as a task. Whatever is so proposed, presently becomes irksome; the mind takes an aversion to it, though before it were a thing of delight or indifferency. Let a child but be ordered to whip his top at a certain time every day, whether he has or has not a mind to it; let this be but required of him as a duty, wherein he must spend so many hours morning and afternoon, and see whether he will not soon be weary of any play at this rate. Is it not so with grown men? What they do cheerfully of themselves, do they not presently grow sick of, and can no more endure, as soon as they find it is expected of them as a duty? Children have as much a mind to shew that they are free, that their own good actions come from themselves, that they are absolute and independent, as any of the proudest of you grown men, think of them as you please.

任務 | 1. 他們要學習的東西，決不能成為他們的負擔，也不能作為任務加在他們身上。無論什麽事情被建議成任務，馬上就成為令人厭煩的；即使那是他們以前高興或至少不討厭做的事，他們心理上也厭惡它。假如你命令一個小孩每天定時抽打陀螺，也不管他願意不願意；讓這成為他的一種責任，他每天早晚必須花很多時間，照這樣地話，看他是不是很快對任何遊戲都心生厭倦。成人不是一樣的嗎？他們自己高興去做的事情，一旦變成了他們的責任，他們是不是立刻就覺得厭倦、難以忍受嗎？小孩也愛表示自己是自由的，他們喜歡別人知道他們的良好舉動是出於他們自己的，他們是完全獨立自主的，不管你如何看待他們，他們和最有自尊心的成人是一樣的。

DISPOSITION | 2. As a consequence of this, they should seldom be put about doing even those things you have got an inclination in them to, but when they have a mind and disposition to it. He that loves reading, writing, music, etc. finds yet in himself certain seasons wherein those things have no relish to him: and, if at that time he forces himself to it, he only pothers and wearies himself to no purpose. So it is with children. This change of temper should be carefully observed in them, and the favourable seasons of aptitude and inclination be heedfully laid hold of: and if they are not often enough forward of themselves, a good disposition should be talked into them, before they be set upon any thing. This I think no hard matter for a discreet tutor to do, who has studied his pupil's temper, and will be at a little pains to fill his head with suitable ideas, such as may make him in love with the present business. By this means a great deal of time and tiring would be saved: for a child will learn three times as much when he is in tune, as he will with double the time and pains, when he goes awkwardly, or is dragged unwillingly to it. If this were minded as it should, children might be permitted to weary themselves with play, and yet have time enough to learn what is suited to the capacity of each age. But no such thing is considered in the ordinary way of education, nor can it well be. That rough discipline of the rod is built upon other principles, has no attraction in it, regards not what humour children are in, nor looks after favourable seasons of inclination. And indeed it would be ridiculous, when compulsion and blows have raised an aversion in the child to his task, to expect he should freely of his own accord leave his play, and with pleasure court the occasions of learning: whereas, were matters ordered right, learning any thing they should be taught, might be made as much a recreation to their play, as their play is to their learning. The pains are equal on both sides: nor is it that which troubles them; for they love to be busy, and the change and variety is that which naturally delights them. The only odds is, in that which we call play they act at liberty, and employ their pains (whereof you may observe them never sparing) freely; but what they are to learn, is forced upon them; they are called, compelled, and driven to it. This is that which at first entrance, balks and cools them; they want their liberty: get them but to ask their tutor to teach them, as they do often their play-fellows, instead of his calling upon them to learn; and they being satisfied that they act as freely in this, as they do in other things, they will go on with as much pleasure in it, and it will not differ from their other sports and play. By these ways, carefully pursued, a child may be brought to desire to be taught any thing you have a mind he should learn. The hardest part, I confess, is with the first or eldest; but when once he is set right, it is easy by him to lead the rest whither one will.

意向 | 2. 因此，即使你已經使他們對某些事情有興趣，但是當他們的心思與意念不在這事上的時候，他們也應該很少被迫使做這事。那熱愛讀書、寫作和音樂等等的人，有時候也會對此感到索然無味；而且假如那時他勉強自己去做，那隻會無益地自尋煩惱。小孩也是如此。應該仔細觀察他們的性情變化，要細心捕捉他們能力與傾向的有利時機；如果他們本身沒有足夠的進取精神，那在讓他們幹任何事情以前，務必要勸說他們有好的意願。我想這對一個考慮周到的導師來說不是難事，他隻要考察學生的脾性，並給他們頭腦裏灌輸恰當的觀念，就能使學生喜歡現在的工作。用這方法可以節省很多時間和麻煩：因為小孩有興致時，學習效率要高兩倍；而當他鬧別扭或被強迫去做時，要花費雙倍的時間與辛苦。假如這層道理得到應有的注意，小孩盡情玩耍，仍然有時間學習各種與他們年齡相符的東西。但是普通的教育方法並不考慮這些，它也沒法考慮這些。那種使用教鞭的粗暴管教方法是建立在別種原則之上的，它沒有一點吸引力，不留意小孩的心境，也不利用有興致的好時機。它確實很荒謬，當強製與笞打已讓小孩厭惡他的任務，卻又期望小孩自動停止遊戲，高高興興地去學習；其實隻要事情處理得當，就像遊戲可以作為學習以後的娛樂，學習任何應學的東西也可以作為遊戲以後的娛樂。兩方麵所費的辛苦是相等的：小孩不怕辛苦；因為小孩喜歡忙碌，事情的改動和變化是他們自然就喜歡的。我們所稱遊戲隻有一點優勢，就是遊戲是小孩自願去做的，勞累也甘心 (你可以觀察到他們遊戲時從來不吝惜氣力的)；但是他們要學習的事情卻是強加在他們身上的，他們是被吩咐、被強迫和被驅使去做的。這是他們第一次遇到這種情況時，他們猶豫、冷淡的原因：他們需要自由。應該使他們向導師請教，就像他們常常向玩伴討教一樣，而不是由導師來吩咐他們去學習；而且他們會開心他們有學習上的行為自由，如同他們幹別的事情一樣，他們就會同樣高興地去學習，這與他們別的運動和遊戲沒有區別。這種方法如能小心地運用，你可以讓小孩願意學習任何你認為他應該學習的東西。我承認最難的是對付第一個或最大的孩子；但是一旦他弄好了，有他帶領，下麵的孩子就容易走上正途。

Though it be past doubt, that the fittest time for children to learn any thing is, when their minds are in tune, and well disposed to it; when neither flagging of spirit, nor intentness of thought upon something else, makes them awkward and averse; yet two things are to be taken care of: 1. that these seasons either not being warily observed and laid hold on as often as they return; or else not returning as often as they should; the improvement of the child be not thereby neglected, and so he be let grow into an habitual idleness, and confirmed in this indisposition. 2. That though other things are ill learned when the mind is either indisposed, or otherwise taken up; yet it is of great moment, and worth our endeavours, to teach the mind to get the mastery over itself; and to be able, upon choice, to take itself off from the hot pursuit of one thing, and set itself upon another with facility and delight; or at any time to shake off its sluggishness, and vigorously employ itself about what reason, or the advice of another, shall direct. This is to be done in children, by trying them sometimes， when they are by laziness unbent, or by avocation bent another way, and endeavouring to make them buckle to the thing proposed. If by this means the mind can get an habitual dominion over itself, lay by ideas or business, as occasion requires, and betake itself to new and less acceptable employments, without reluctancy or discomposure, it will be an advantage of more consequence than Latin or logic, or most of those things children are usually required to learn.

毫無疑問，小孩學習任何東西的最佳時機是當他們有興致、很願意的時候；那時他們既不會因為情緒低落，又不會因為老想著別的事情，而使得他們別扭和反感；此外還有兩件事要注意：1. 要麽當這些時機來臨的時候，沒有當心觀察，也沒有能把握住，要麽這些時機並不經常有；小孩的進步卻不能因此忽視，因為這樣他會養成習慣性的懶散，並且老是不情不願的。2. 即便他心裏不情願或心有旁騖，不能好好學習別的事情，那仍然是個重大時機，值得我們努力教導 (他的)心智去把握自己；讓它能夠經過選擇，把它自己從正幹得起勁的事情上撤下來，高興地和得心應手地做另一件事情；或者在任何時候都能擺脫它的惰性，精神旺盛地去做理智或別人建議的事情。有時可以試著讓孩子們這樣做，當他們懶惰沒勁，或是由於嗜好偏向另一件事情時，竭力使他們努力幹你提議要做的事情。如果通過這種方法， (他的)心智能夠習慣於掌控自己，在必要的時候能放下原來的念頭或事物，專注於新的、較難接受的事情，沒有猶豫或不安，它可比拉丁語、邏輯、或小孩通常被要求學習的很多東西有益處多了。

COMPULSION | Children being more active and busy in that age, than in any other part of their life, and being indifferent to any thing they can do, so they may be but doing; dancing and scotch-hoppers would be the same thing to them, were the encouragements and discouragements equal. But to things we would have them learn, the great and only discouragement I can observe, is, that they are called to it; it is made their business; they are teased and chid about it, and do it with trembling and apprehension; or, when they come willingly to it, are kept too long at it, till they are quite tired: all which entrenches too much on that natural freedom they extremely affect. And it is that liberty alone, which gives the true relish and delight to their ordinary play-games. Turn the tables, and you will find, they will soon change their application; especially if they see the examples of others, whom they esteem and think above themselves. And if the things which they observe others to do, be ordered so that they insinuate themselves into them, as the privilege of an age or condition above theirs; then ambition, and the desire still to get forward, and higher, and to be like those above them, will set them on work, and make them go on with vigour and pleasure; pleasure in what they have begun by their own desire. In which way the enjoyment of their dearly beloved freedom will be no small encouragement to them. To all which, if there be added the satisfaction of credit and reputation, I am apt to think, there will need no other spur to excite their application and assiduity, as much as is necessary. I confess, there needs patience and skill, gentleness and attention, and a prudent conduct to attain this at first. But why have you a tutor, if there needed no pains? But when this is once established, all the rest will follow more easily, than in any more severe and imperious discipline. And I think it no hard matter to gain this point; I am sure it will not be, where children have no ill examples set before them. The great danger therefore, I apprehend, is only from servants, and other ill-ordered children, or such other vicious or foolish people, who spoil children, both by the ill pattern they set before them in their own ill manners, and by giving them together, the two things they should never have at once; I mean, vicious pleasures and commendation.

強迫 | 小孩在這個年齡比他們一生中任何別的階段都活躍與好動，他們不在乎做什麽，隻要有事可幹；如果鼓勵和阻攔是相等的，跳舞與"跳房子"，在他們看來是一樣的。但是對於我們要他們學習的東西，我所知道的重大而唯一的阻礙是，他們被要求去做；那成為他們的任務，他們被取笑、被責罵，使他們戰戰兢兢地做事；或者當他們願意做事時，讓他們幹得太久，直到他們很疲倦了；這都是太大地侵犯他們極為看重的當然的自由。而且隻要有自由，他們就能從平常的遊戲得到真正的趣味和快樂。情況翻轉，你會發現他們很快改做別的事情；特別是他們看到他們所敬重並自認不如的人的榜樣時更是如此。假如他們看見別人所做的事情，安排得能暗示他們那是年齡大與地位高的人的特權；那麽抱負、上進心以及希望地位上升到與上層人一樣的欲望，會促使他們工作，使他們用力地、快樂地前行；這快樂是來源於他們自己願望所啟動的事功。由此他們享受到他們珍愛的自由，這對他們會是不小的鼓舞。在所有這一切中再加上榮譽與名聲所帶來的滿足，我覺得不需要再用別的方法來鞭策鼓勵他們勤勉與刻苦。我承認要達到這個目的，最初是需要耐心與技巧、溫柔與關心、以及小心謹慎。都是如果不需要辛苦的話，那你要導師幹什麽？一旦這一點做到了，其餘一切都會更容易跟著做到，不必有任何更嚴厲、更專橫的紀律處罰。我確信，當小孩麵前沒有不良榜樣，這是不難辦到的。因此我認為，這巨大的危險隻來源於仆人和其他不良少年，或別的邪惡或愚蠢的人，他們敗壞孩子，既出於他們不良舉止所作的壞榜樣，又出於他們同時給予小孩兩個不能在一起的東西：就是我所說的，邪惡的快樂和恭維。
 
CHIDING | As children should very seldom be corrected by blows, so I think frequent, and especially passionate chiding of almost as ill consequence. It lessens the authority of the parents, and the respect of the child; for I bid you still remember, they distinguish early betwixt passion and reason: and as they cannot but have a reverence for what comes from the latter, so they quickly grow into a contempt of the former; or if it causes a present terror, yet it soon wears off, and natural inclination will easily learn to slight such scare-crows which make a noise, but are not animated by reason. Children being to be restrained by the parents only in vicious (which, in their tender years, are only a few) things, a look or nod only ought to correct them when they do amiss; or, if words are sometimes to be used, they ought to be grave, kind, and sober, representing the ill or unbecomingness of the faults, rather than a hasty rating of the child for it; which makes him not sufficiently distinguish, whether your dislike be not more directed to him than his fault. Passionate chiding usually carries rough and ill language with it, which has this fartser ill effect, that it teaches and justifies it in children: and the names that their parents or preceptors give them, they will not be ashamed or backward to bestow on others, having so good authority for the use of them.

責罵 |  因為小孩應該很少受責打來糾正錯誤，所以我認為經常的，尤其盛怒的嗬斥也有差不多的壞效果。它降低父母的威信，減少孩子對父母的尊敬；因為你要記住，他們很早就能區分憤怒與理智：而且因為他們不能不敬畏出於理智的東西，所以他們很快會藐視出於憤怒的東西；或許憤怒會引起現時的恐懼，但那很快會逐漸消失，他們會自然看輕這隻有噪音、沒有原因的虛聲恫喝。小孩隻有做了邪惡事情的時候 (這在他們幼小的時候是很少的)，才由父母加以製裁，他們若隻是做錯了事，一個眼色或一個點頭示意就能糾正他們；或是需用話語責備，那應該用沉重、友善而又嚴肅的語氣，以表明這過犯的壞處或缺點，而不隻是匆匆責罵他一下；因為這會使他分不清你生氣是針對他還是針對他的過失。憤怒的斥責常常帶有粗暴和惡意的語言，這還有一個壞處，就是教會與許可小孩也去用這種語言：父母或老師罵他們的話，他們不會覺得羞愧地或有顧慮地用在別人身上，因為有很好的權威用了這些話。

OBSTINACY | I foresee here it will be objected to me: what then, will you have children never beaten, nor chid, for any fault? this will be to let loose the reins to all kind of disorder. Not so much as is imagined, if a right course has been taken in the first seasoning of their minds, and implanting that awe of their parents above mentioned. For beating, by constant observation, is found to do little good, where the smart of it is all the punishment is feared or felt in it; for the influence of that quickly wears out, with the memory of it. But yet there is one, and but one fault, for which, I think, children should be beaten; and that is obstinacy or rebellion. And in this too, I would have it ordered so, if it can be, that the shame of the whipping, and not the pain, should be the greatest part of the punishment. Shame of doing amiss, and deserving chastisement, is the only true restraint belonging to virtue. The smart of the rod, if shame accompanies it not, soon ceases, and is forgotten, and will quickly, by use, lose its terror. I have known the children of a person of quality kept in awe, by the fear of having their shoes pulled off, as much as others by apprehensions of a rod hanging over them. Some such punishment I think better than beating; for it is shame of the fault, and the disgrace that attends it, that they should stand in fear of, rather than pain, if you would have them have a temper truly ingenuous. But stubbornness, and an obstinate disobedience, must be mastered with force and blows: for this there is no other remedy. Whatever particular action you bid him to do, or forbear, you must be sure to see yourself obeyed; no quarter, in this case, no resistance. For when once it comes to be a trial of skill, a contest for mastery betwixt you, as it is, if you command, and he refuses; you must be sure to carry it, whatever blows it costs, if a nod or words will not prevail; unless, for ever after, you intend to live in obedience to your son. A prudent and kind mother, of my acquaintance, was, on such an occasion, forced to whip her little daughter, at her first coming home from nurse, eight times successively, the same morning, before she could master her stubbornness, and obtain a compliance in a very easy and indifferent matter. If she had left off sooner, and stopped at the seventh whipping, she had spoiled the child for ever; and, by her unprevailing blows, only confirmed her refractoriness, very hardly afterwards to be cured: but wisely persisting, till she had bent her mind, and suppled her will, the only end of correction and chastisement, she established her authority thoroughly in the very first occasions, and had ever after a very ready compliance and obedience in all things from her daughter. For, as this was the first time, so, I think, it was the last too she ever struck her.

頑固 |  我預料這裏會有人反對我：你既不主張打，又不主張罵，那小孩有任何過錯，還有什麽辦法呢？這豈不是放鬆韁繩讓各種毛病都出來嗎。如果我們開始就用正確的方法訓練他們的心智，並且照以前說的，在其中植根對父母的敬畏，情況並不是想像的這樣。因為鞭打，像一直觀察發現的，沒有一點好處，懲罰為人所懼怕或感覺的是它帶來的疼痛；因為它的影響隨著記憶一同很快消失。但是有且僅有一個過失，我認為小孩應受鞭打；那就是頑固或叛逆。而在這種情況下，我也主張在可能的範圍內，把抽打帶來的羞辱而不是痛苦，作為懲罰的最主要部分。為犯錯以及由此受到的懲罰而羞愧，是德行上的唯一真正約束。體罰的疼痛，如果沒有羞愧相伴，很快就停止、被遺忘，很快因使用多而不再可怕了。我知道一個高素質的人的孩子怎樣保持敬畏，他們懼怕被人脫掉鞋子，正如別的孩子懼怕鞭答一樣。我認為脫掉鞋子這類懲罰比鞭打好；因為假如你願他們具有一種真正坦誠的性情，他懼怕的應是犯錯的羞辱和糾正懲罰帶來的不名譽，而不是痛苦。但是倔強與頑抗是應該用強製和鞭打去克服的，因為除此之外沒有別的糾正辦法。無論什麽特定行為你讓他做或是禁止他做，你一定要確保你的命令被執行；不打折扣，沒有抵觸。因為一旦到了你和孩子之間考驗技巧、比試誰做主的地步，假如你再下命令，他會拒絕；你一定要確定你會獲勝，如果點頭示意或口頭命令不能奏效，那麽任何抽打也在所不惜；除非你打算服從你的兒子去生活。我認識一個聰明仁慈的母親，遇到這樣一個境況，在她的小女兒剛從保姆那裏回家的同一個早上，不得不接連八次責打小女兒，直到克服她的頑固不化，取得她在一個很容易、很無關緊要的事情上的順從。假如她早一點放手，打到第七次便不再打了，她從此就把孩子毀了；她徒勞的抽打，隻會鞏固她的頑固執拗，日後極難糾正過來；但是她明智地堅持下去，直到使女兒的心理屈服，意誌變順從，達到這種懲罰與責打的惟一目的，她在這第一個時機中就徹底地樹立了威信，從此以後在所有事上她的女兒都是立即遵守服從的。這是這位母親第一次鞭打她的女兒，我相信也是最後一次。

The pain of the rod, the first occasion that requires it, continued and increased without leaving off, till it has thoroughly prevailed; should first bend the mind, and settle the parents authority: and then gravity, mixed with kindness, should for ever after keep it.

在第一次需要運用鞭笞的痛苦之後，要繼續加大力度，不要中止，直到它完全奏效；要首先改變小孩的心理，樹立父母的威信；然後嚴肅與仁慈相結合，就可以永遠保持這威信。

This, if well reflected on, would make people more wary in the use of the rod and the cudgel; and keep them from being so apt to think beating the safe and universal remedy, to be applied at random, on all occasions. This is certain however, if it does no good, it does great harm; if it reaches not the mind, and makes not the will supple, it hardens the offender; and, whatever pain he has suffered for it, it does but endear to him his beloved stubbornness, which has got him this time the victory, and prepares him to contest and hope for it for the future. Thus, I doubt not, but by illordered correction, many have been taught to be obstinate and refractory, who otherwise would have been very pliant and tractable. For, if you punish a child so, as if it were only to revenge the past fault, which has raised your choler; what operation can this have upon his mind, which is the part to be amended? If there were no sturdy humour or wilfulness mixed with his fault, there was nothing in it, that required the severity of blows. A kind, or grave admonition is enough, to remedy the slips of frailty, forgetfulness, or inadvertency, and is as much as they will stand in need of. But, if there were a perverseness in the will, if it were a designed, resolved disobedience, the punishment is not to be measured by the greatness or smallness of the matter wherein it appeared, but by the opposition it carries, and stands in, to that respect and submission that is due to the father's orders; which must always be rigorously exacted, and the blows by pauses laid on, till they reach the mind, and you perceive the signs of a true sorrow, shame, and purpose of obedience.

如果仔細考慮這道理，大家就會更小心謹慎地使用棍棒來體罰，他們就不會輕易認為鞭打是安全萬能的糾正辦法，可以在各種場合隨便亂用。這是確定無疑的，鞭笞如果不能有好結果，必然會有大弊端；它如果不能觸及小孩的心靈並使他的意誌柔順，必然會使犯規者強硬；而且他為此所經受的痛苦會使他更喜歡他所鍾愛的倔脾氣，因為這脾氣使他這次得勝，也預備他再去較量並希望將來再得勝。所以我認為，不得法的懲戒，把許多本來可以變得溫順馴服的人，教得倔強頑固了。因為如果你這樣懲罰小孩，仿佛隻為報複他以往的錯誤激怒過你，那什麽措施可以用來改進他的心思意念呢？如果小孩的過犯中沒有頑固或任性的成分，那就沒有什麽值得用嚴厲的責打。一個溫和或嚴肅的訓誡就足夠改正他們一時的軟弱、健忘或怠慢，也是他們至多所需要的。但是假如意誌乖謬，假如那是故意、堅決的違抗，那麽懲罰的力度不是根據事態的大小來定，而是根據他對父親的命令不敬重、不服從的程度來決定；父親的命令必須始終嚴格地執行的，如有停頓就須責打，直到責打的效果達到他的心靈，而且你能察覺到真正懺悔、羞恥和自願服從的跡象為止。

This, I confess, requires something more than setting children a task, and whipping them without any more ado, if it be not done, and done to our fancy. This requires care, attention, observation, and a nice study of children's tempers, and weighing their faults well, before we come to this sort of punishment. But is not that better, than always to have the rod in hand, as the only instrument of government; and, by frequent use of it, on all occasions, misapply and render inefficacious this last and useful remedy, where there is need of it? For, what else can be expected, when it is promiscuously used upon every little slip? When a mistake in concordance, or a wrong position in verse, shall have the severity of the lash, in a well-tempered and industrious lad, as surely as a wilful crime in an obstinate and perverse offender; how can such a way of correction be expected to do good on the mind, and set that right? which is the only thing to be looked after; and, when set right, brings all the rest that you can desire along with it.

我認為這要求不隻是給小孩布置一個任務，一旦他們沒有做、或是做得不如我們的意，就責打他們了事的。這需要關懷、照顧、觀察，詳細研究小孩的脾性，還有仔細衡量他們的過失，然後決定給予處罰。難道這不比手裏時時拿著一根教鞭，把它當作管束小孩的唯一方法更好；豈不比在一切境況下頻繁施用，用之不當弄得這個最後的、有用的糾正辦法，到了必需采用的時候也失掉了它的效力好嗎？因為如果小孩每次出一點小錯，便胡亂地鞭打，那還有什麽可用的呢？隻因查錯了聖經的索引，或找錯了聖經章節的位置，一個好脾氣的、勤懇的孩子就要受到嚴厲的鞭撻，與一個執拗乖僻小孩的故意犯事一樣對待；怎麽能期望這種矯正方法在心靈上起好作用，使其端正呢？這是我們唯一應該追求的；當心靈在正途上，你所希冀的其餘一切事情都隨之弄好了。

Where a wrong bent of the will wants not amendment, there can be no need of blows. All other faults, where the mind is rightly disposed, and refuses not the government and authority of the father or tutor, are but mistakes, and may often be over-looked; or, when they are taken notice of, need no other but the gentle remedies of advice, direction, and reproof; till the repeated and wilful neglect of those shows the fault to be in the mind, and that a manifest perverseness of the will lies at the root of their disobedience. But whenever obstinacy, which is an open defiance, appears, that cannot be winked at, or neglected, but must, in the first instance, be subdued and mastered; only care must be had, that we mistake not; and we must be sure it is obstinacy, and nothing else.

意願上的錯誤傾向如果不需要改正，那就用不著鞭打。其它的所有過失，隻要小孩心智正常，不反抗父親或導師的管束與權威，這都隻是小錯，通常可以不加理會；或者當關注到時，也隻需要溫和的勸告、指導和責備；除非是反複地、故意地忽視規勸，表明毛病在心理上，意誌明顯的倔強是不服從的根本原因。一旦發現了頑固，出現公然的反抗之時，我們不能假裝看不見或加以忽視，而必須在它初次出現的時候，加以克服與控製；隻是要注意我們不可弄錯，我們一定要確定它是頑固，而不是別的任何東西。

But since the occasions of punishment, especially beating, are as much to be avoided as may be, I think it should not be often brought to this point. If the awe I spoke of be once got, a look will be sufficient in most cases. Nor indeed should the same carriage, seriousness, or application be expected from young children, as from those of riper growth. They must be permitted, as I said, the foolish and childish actions, suitable to their years, without taking notice of them; inadvertency, carelessness, and gaiety, is the character of that age. I think the severity I spoke of, is not to extend itself to such unseasonable restraints; nor is that hastily to be interpreted obstinacy or wilfulness, which is the natural product of their age or temper. In such miscarriages they are to be assisted, and helped towards an amendment, as weak people under a natural infirmity; which, though they are warned of, yet every relapse must not be counted a perfect neglect, and they presently treated as obstinate. Faults of frailty, as they should never be neglected, or let pass without minding; so, unless the will mix with them, they should never be exaggerated, or very sharply reproved; but with a gentle hand set right, as time and age permit. By this means, children will come to see what is in any miscarriage, that is chiefly offensive, and so learn to avoid it. This will encourage them to keep their wills right, which is the great business; when they find, that it preserves them from any great displeasure; and that in all their other failings they meet with the kind concern and help, rather than the anger and passionate reproaches of their tutor and parents. Keep them from vice, and vicious dispositions, and such a kind of behaviour in general will come, with every degree of their age, as is suitable to that age, and the company they ordinarily converse with: and as they grow in years, they will grow in attention and application. But that your words may always carry weight and authority with them, if it shall happen, upon any occasion, that you bid him leave off the doing of any even childish things, you must be sure to carry the point, and not let him have the mastery. But yet, I say, I would have the father seldom interpose his authority and command in these cases, or in any other, but such as have a tendency to vicious habits. I think there are better ways of prevailing with them; and a gentle persuasion in reasoning (when the first point of submission to your will is got) will most times do much better.

但是因為時常的懲罰，特別是鞭打，應該盡量避免，我認為最好是不要經常弄到這個地步。如果我所說的小孩敬畏心被確立了，多數場合隻要一個眼色就足夠了。而且也不能期望年輕的孩子與成熟的人有一樣的舉止、嚴肅認真或勤勉用功。我說過應當允許適合他們的年紀傻傻的和幼稚的舉動，不必多加在意；粗心大意和嬉鬧調皮是這個年齡的特點。我覺得我提到的嚴厲方法不應該推廣到這種不合時宜的約束；而且小孩年齡或脾性的自然產物也不應該草率地當作頑固不化或有意反抗。在他們需要幫助的失誤方麵，應該把他們當作天然的弱者，幫助他們去改正；即使那些被警告過的失誤重新出現，也不能認為是完全怠慢疏忽，而立即當作頑固去處理。意誌薄弱所產生的過失固然決不能忽視，也不能不提醒他們；但是除非這過失含有故意的成分，那決不能誇大其辭，或是指摘得太厲害；隻能在時間與年齡許可的範圍內，用溫和的手段將其改正過來。通過這樣的方法，小孩會明白任何過失中主要令人反感的，並且學著避免它。這可以鼓勵他們保持正確的意誌，這是很重大的事務；他們發現正確的意誌會保護他們不經受重大的不快；他們其它一切的弱點會得到導師與父母的親切關懷與幫助，而不是憤怒與生氣的責罵。讓他們避免邪惡和邪惡的性格，隨著他們對各個年齡的適應以及他們與夥伴的正常交往，他們總會養成這樣的行為：他們年齡愈長，他們愈能用心與努力。但是為使你說的話永遠具有力量與威信，萬一有需要，你要吩咐他停止做任何幼稚的行為，你一定要達到目的，不可讓他占了上風。不過我主張父親對於這些情形最好少用權威與命令，除非小孩有形成邪惡習慣的傾向。我認為還有更好的方法可以說服他們；隻要你一開始就使小孩服從你的意誌，那在大多數的時候，溫和地據理勸戒會有更好的效果。

REASONING | It will perhaps be wondered, that I mention reasoning with children: and yet I cannot but think that the true way of dealing with them. They understand it as early as they do language; and, if I mis-observe not, they love to be treated as rational creatures, sooner than is imagined. It is a pride should be cherished in them, and, as much as can be, made the greatest instrument to turn them by.

講理 |  大家也許會奇怪我提到與小孩講理：但是我不能不認為講理是對待小孩的真正辦法。小孩一到懂語言的時候，就懂道理了；假如我沒看錯的話，他們希望被當作理性造物比想像的要早。他們這種自豪的態度是應當得到珍惜，我們也應量利用它，把它作為支配小孩的最好工具。

But when I talk of reasoning, I do not intend any other, but such as is suited to the child’s capacity and apprehension. Nobody can think a boy of three or seven years old should be argued with as a grown man. Long discourses, and philosophical reasonings, at best, amaze and confound, but do not instruct, children. When I say, therefore, that they must be treated as rational creatures, I mean that you should make them sensible, by the mildness of your carriage, and the composure, even in your correction of them, that what you do is reasonable in you, and useful and necessary for them; and that it is not out of caprice, passion, or fancy, that you command or forbid them any thing. This they are capable of understanding; and there is no virtue they should be excited to, nor fault they should be kept from, which I do not think they may be convinced of: but it must be by such reasons as their age and understanding are capable of, and those proposed always in very few and plain words. The foundations on which several duties are built, and the fountains of right and wrong, from which they spring, are not, perhaps, easily to be let into the minds of grown men, not used to abstract their thoughts from common received opinions. Much less are children capable of reasonings from remote principles. They cannot conceive the force of long deductions: the reasons that move them must be obvious and level to their thoughts, and such as may (if I may so say) be felt and touched. But yet, if their age, temper, and inclinations, be considered, they will never want such motives, as may be sufficient to convince them. If there be no other more particular, yet these will always be intelligible, and of force, to deter them from any fault, fit to be taken notice of in them, viz. that it will be a discredit and disgrace to them, and displease you.

但是我所說的講理，是指要適合小孩的能力與理解力。沒有誰會把一個三歲或七歲的男孩當作成人一樣來和他辯論。長篇大論的講道和富有哲學意味的思辨，不過使得小孩到驚奇與迷惑而已，並不能教導他們。所以，我說他們必須作為理性動物來對待，是說，即使你要糾正他們，你也應該用溫和的舉止與鎮定的態度，讓他們明白你所做的是合理的，對他們是有益與必要的；而且你吩咐或禁止他們做任何事情，不是出於任性，一時的熱情或空想。這是他們能夠懂得的；我覺得沒有什麽他們應該激動的美德，也沒有他們應該避免的過失，不能以理勸服他們：但是這道理必須是與他們的年齡與理解力相適應，並且用簡短清楚的話語表達出來。至於責任的基礎，是非的根源，對於不習慣從通常的意見中抽象出自己思想的成人來說，也是不容易在他們心中建立的。小孩就更不能從不相幹的原則來思考推理。他們不能理解冗長的推理演繹：能夠打動他們的道理必須很明顯，適合他們思維的水平， (如果我能這樣說的話)就像他們能感覺與觸摸到似的。不過，若是他們的年齡、性情和愛好能被考慮到，就絕不會缺少這可以說服他們的動機的。如果沒有其它特別的力量可以阻止他們犯任何值得注意的過失，隻要他們知道這過失會使得他們名聲掃地、蒙受恥辱、失掉你的歡心的，這就常常可以讓他們明白，並且讓他們有動力不犯這過失。

EXAMPLES | But, of all the ways whereby children are to be instructed, and their manners formed, the plainest, easiest, and most efficacious, is to set before their eyes the examples of those things you would have them do or avoid. Which, when they are pointed out to them, in the practice of persons within their knowledge, with some reflections on their beauty or unbecomingness, are of more force to draw or deter their imitation, than any discourses which can be made to them. Virtues and vices can by no words be so plainly set before their understandings, as the actions of other men will show them, when you direct their observation, and bid them view this or that good or bad quality in their practice. And the beauty or uncomeliness of many things, in good and ill breeding, will be better learnt, and make deeper impressions on them, in the examples of others, than from any rules or instructions can be given about them.

榜樣 | 但是在各種教導小孩以及培養他們舉止的方法中，最筒明、最容易而又最有效的辦法是在他們麵前樹立要他們應該作或應該避免的事情的榜樣。一旦你把他們認識的人的榜樣指給他們看，同時反省它們為什麽漂亮或有缺陷，這比任何對他們的說教，有更大的力量吸引或阻止他們去模仿。當你指導他們去觀察，吩咐他們看看別人行為的優劣之處，他們看到的這些行為，比任何話語更能使他們明白什麽是美德與邪惡。這種看別人的榜樣的方法，能使小孩更好地學習到好的或壞的教養中許多事情的美麗或醜陋，會給他們留下更深刻印象，這是任何規矩或指令都做不到的。

This is a method to be used, not only whilst they are young; but to be continued, even as long as they shall be under another's tuition or conduct. Nay, I know not whether it be not the best way to be used by a father, as long as he shall think fit, on any occasion, to reform any thing he wishes mended in his son; nothing sinking so gently, and so deep, into men's minds, as example. And what ill they either overlook, or indulge in themselves, they cannot but dislike, and be ashamed of, when it is set before them in another.

這種方法不僅應該在孩子年輕時候運用，隻要他們還在別人的教導或指導之下，都可以繼續使用。而且我認為父親隻要覺得合適，無論何時，他都可以把它當作一個最好的方法去改正他希望兒子改進的任何事項；沒有什麽能象榜樣一樣能夠溫和地而深刻地進入人的心裏。而且無論什麽壞事小孩忽略或容忍自己做了，一旦看見別人同樣做了，他們沒有不厭惡、不羞愧的。

WHIPPING | It may be doubted concerning whipping, when, as the last remedy, it comes to be necessary; at what times, and by whom it should be done: whether presently upon the committing the fault, whilst it is yet fresh and hot; and whether parents themselves should beat their children. As to the first; I think it should not be done presently, lest passion mingle with it: and so, though it exceed the just proportion, yet it loses of its due weight; for even children discern when we do things in passion. But, as I said before, that has most weight with them, that appears sedately to come from their parents reason; and they are not without this distinction. Next, if you have any discreet servant capable of it, and has the place of governing your child, (for if you have a tutor, there is no doubt,) I think it is best the smart should come more immediately from another's hand, though by the parent's order, who should see it done; whereby the parent's authority will be preserved, and the child's aversion, for the pain it suffers, rather be turned on the person that immediately inflicts it. For I would have a father seldom strike his child, but upon very urgent necessity, and as the last remedy; and then perhaps it will be fit to do it so, that the child should not quickly forget it.

抽打 |  大家也許會懷疑抽打作為最後的矯正手段必須要用時，究竟是什麽時間，由誰來實施：是否應該在犯錯的當時，當錯誤還很熱乎新鮮時實施；是否由父母親自打孩子。對第一點我主張不要在犯錯後立即進行，免得感情用事：若是如此，即使責打超出應該的程度，也會失去它的效力；因為小孩能夠分辨我們感情用事。但是就如我在前麵講過，凡是沉著地從父母的理智出發的，就能發揮最大的效力；而且他們不是不能分辨這種區別的。其次，你如果有一個謹慎的仆人能夠執行鞭打，你又有管教孩子的地方 (假如你有導師的話，你必定有地方)，我認為鞭笞的痛苦最好直接出自於別人之手，雖然那是父母命令的，父母也要監視它的執行；這樣一來，父母的威信可以保持，小孩因蒙受痛苦所生的怨恨就會轉向執行鞭打的人。因為我覺得除非萬不得已，作為最後的彌補辦法，父親不可多去鞭打兒子的；隻有到了那種情形之下，做父親的才能親自去執行，以免小孩很快就忘記了。

But, as I said before, beating is the worst, and therefore the last, means to be used in the correction of children; and that only in cases of extremity, after all gentler ways have been tried, and proved unsuccessful: which, if well observed, there will be very seldom any need of blows. For, it not being to be imagined that a child will often, if ever, dispute his father's present command in any particular instance; and the father not interposing his absolute authority, in peremptory rules, concerning either childish or indifferent actions, wherein his son is to have his liberty; nor concerning his learning or improvement, wherein there is no compulsion to be used; there remains only the prohibition of some vicious actions, wherein a child is capable of obstinacy, and consequently can deserve beating: and so there will be but very few occasions of that discipline to be used by any one, who considers well, and orders his child's education as it should be. For the first seven years, what vices can a child be guilty of, but lying, or some ill-natured tricks; the repeated commission whereof, after his father's direct command against it, shall bring him into the condemnation of obstinacy, and the chastisement of the rod? If any vicious inclination in him be, in the first appearance and instances of it, treated as it should be, first, with your wonder; and then, if returning again a second time, discountenanced with the severe brow of the father, tutor, and all about him, and a treatment suitable to the state of discredit before mentioned; and this continued till he be made sensible and ashamed of his fault; I imagine there will be no need of any other correction, nor ever any occasion to come to blows. The necessity of such chastisement is usually the consequence only of former indulgences or neglects. If vicious inclinations were watched from the beginning, and the first irregularities which they caused, corrected by those gentler ways, we should seldom have to do with more than one disorder at once; which would be easily set right without any stir or noise, and not require so harsh a discipline as beating. Thus, one by one, as they appeared, they might all be weeded out, without any signs or memory that ever they had been there. But we letting their faults (by indulging and humouring our little ones) grow up till they are sturdy and numerous, and the deformity of them makes us ashamed and uneasy, we are fain to come to the plough and the harrow; the spade and the pick-ax must go deep to come at the roots, and all the force, skill, and diligence we can use, is scarce enough to cleanse the vitiated seed-plat overgrown with weeds, and restore us the hopes of fruits to reward our pains in its season.

但是我前麵說過，鞭打是最壞的、因此也是最後的糾正小孩的手段；而且它隻能是在極端的情形下，所有溫和的方法試過並證明無效之後：其實如果溫和的方法運用得法，是很少需要用到鞭笞的。因為，即使小孩在某件事上偶爾會違反父親當時的命令，但難以想像他會經常違反；而且父親也不通過專橫的規矩，用他絕對的權威來幹涉兒子幼稚的或無關緊要的行為，而那是小孩應該享有的自由；或者幹涉小孩的學習進步，而那本用不著強迫的；剩下的隻是要防止某些邪惡的行為，於此小孩可能會頑固不化，所以需要鞭笞：一個人隻要考慮周全，正確地安排小孩的教育，就不會有多少場合要用鞭笞這一紀律手段。在小孩七歲以前，除了撒謊或者一些居心不良的的惡作劇以外，還會有什麽邪惡，竟會在父親明令禁止以後，反複重犯，以致被人認為頑固不化，需要施以鞭笞呢？如果小孩有任何邪惡的傾向，能被正確處理：剛有苗頭的時候，向他表示你的驚愕；如有再犯，父親、導師及一切親近的人都要用嚴厲的神色讓他蒙羞，並且用以前所說對待喪失名譽的小孩的方法去待他；這樣直到他明白他的過失並為之羞愧；我想這樣就用不著任何別的懲治方法，也就更不會用到鞭笞了。鞭笞的必要常常是以前縱容或忽視的後果。如果邪惡的傾向一開始就被注意，當它們剛引起不當的行為，就用那些溫和的方法糾正，我們應該很少會要一次對付一個以上的毛病；那就很容易不動聲色地改正，也用不著鞭笞這一嚴厲的紀律處罰。於是，當毛病出現時，就可以一個接一個地全部清除，不留下它們出現過的一點痕跡或記憶。但是我們縱容遷就我們的小寶貝，讓他們的過失滋長，直到它們根深蒂固、數不勝數，而且它們的畸變讓我們羞愧不安，我們不能不借用犁耙來鏟除；那時鋤鏟必須要深入到根，即使用盡我們所有的力量、技巧和功夫，也不能清理幹淨雜草叢生的苗圃，恢複我們的希望 --- 在收獲的季節得到回報我們辛苦的果實。

This course, if observed, will spare both father and child the trouble of repeated injunctions, and multiplied rules of doing and forbearing. For I am of opinion, that of those actions, which tend to vicious habits, (which are those alone that a father should interpose his authority and commands in,) none should be forbidden children, till they are found guilty of them. For such untimely prohibitions, if they do nothing worse, do at least so much towards teaching and allowing them, that they suppose that children may be guilty of them, who would possibly be safer in the ignorance of any such faults. And the best remedy to stop them, is, as I have said, to show wonder and amazement at any such action as hath a vicious tendency, when it is first taken notice of in a child. For example, when he is first found in a lie, or any ill-natured trick, the first remedy should be, to talk to him of it as a strange monstrous matter, that it could not be imagined he would have done: and so shame him out of it.

這種方法如果能施行，父子雙方都可避免的重複的禁令，以及不勝枚舉的規則規定做或不做什麽。因為我認為，就是那些會導致邪惡習慣 (這才是父親應該用權威與命令加以幹涉的)的行為，當小孩沒有違犯之前，也不要事先禁止。因為這種過早的禁令，即使不讓事情更壞，至少也不啻告訴小孩，父親料想小孩會違反這些禁令；而小孩不知道這些禁令還更安全。而阻止這些過失的最好方法，我已說過，是一發現小孩的行為有邪惡的傾向時，就立即向他表示一種驚愕詫異的態度。譬如他第一次說謊或是作出了居心不良的的惡作劇，最初的糾正方法應該是把它當作一件奇怪可怕的事，想不到他居然會作出這樣的事：這樣讓他羞愧而不做這種事情。

It will be (it is like) objected, that whatsoever I fancy of the tractableness of children, and the prevalency of those softer ways of shameand commendation; yet there are many, who will never apply themselves to their books, and to what they ought to learn, unless they are scourged to it. This I fear is nothing but the language of ordinary schools and fashion, which have never suffered the other to be tried as it should be, in places where it could be taken notice of. Why, else, does the learning of Latin and Greek need the rod, when French and Italian need it not? Children learn to dance and fence without whipping: nay, arithmetic, drawing, etc. they apply themselves well enough to, without beating: which would make one suspect, that there is something strange, unnatural, and disagreeable to that age, in the things required in grammar-schools, or in the methods used there, that children cannot be brought to, without the severity of the lash, and hardly with that too; or else, that it is a mistake, that those tongues could not be taught them without beating.

也許有人 (這是會有的)會要提出異議，無論我覺得小孩怎樣馴服聽話，利用羞辱與稱讚的溫和方法怎樣有效；但是仍舊有許多小孩，若是沒有鞭笞責打，他們是決不肯自動地去讀書，去學習他們應該學習的東西。這恐怕是平常學校和流行的語言教學，在它應該注意的地方，沒有像別的教學一樣通過應該的實驗。為什麽學習拉丁語和希臘語需要棍棒，而法語和意大利語不需要呢？小孩學習跳舞與擊劍不用抽打；而且學算術、畫畫等等，他們也能自己盡力，不用鞭笞；這不由得讓人懷疑，文法學校教的東西或方法有什麽奇怪、不自然、與年紀不符的地方，使小孩不經嚴厲責打不願學習或勉強學習；或者，那種語言不經鞭打不能教會的說法是錯誤的。

But let us suppose so some negligent or idle, that they will not be brought to learn by the gentle ways proposed (for we must grant, that there will be children found of all tempers); yet it does not thence follow, that the rough discipline of the cudgel is to be used to all. Nor can any one be concluded unmanageable by the milder methods of government, till they have been thoroughly tried upon him; and, if they will not prevail with him to use his endeavours, and do what is in his power to do, we make no excuses for the obstinate: blows are the proper remedies for those: but blows laid on, in a way different from the ordinary. He that wilfully neglects his book, and stubbornly refuses any thing he can do, required of him by his father, expressing himself in a positive serious command, should not be corrected with two or three angry lashes, for not performing his task, and the same punishment repeated again and again, upon every the like default: but, when it is brought to that pass, that wilfulness evidently shows itself, and makes blows necessary; I think the chastisement should be a little more sedate, and a little more severe, and the whipping (mingled with admonition between) so continued, till the impressions of it on the mind were found legible in the face, voice, and submission of the child, not so sensible of the smart, as of the fault he has been guilty of, and melting in true sorrow under it. If such a correction as this, tried some few times at fit distances, and carried to the utmost severity, with the visible displeasure of the father all the while, will not work the effect, turn the mind, and produce a future compliance; what can be hoped from blows, and to what purpose should they be any more used? Beating, when you can expect no good from it, will look more like the fury of an enraged enemy, than the good-will of a compassionate friend; and such chastisement carries with it only provocation, without any prospect of amendment. If it be any father's misfortune to have a son thus perverse and untractable, I know not what more he can do but pray for him. But I imagine, if a right course be taken with children from the beginning, very few will be found to be such; and when there are any such instances, they are not to be the rule for the education of those who are better natured, and may be managed with better usage.

但是就讓我們設想有的小孩如此懶散或懶惰，以至於不能用建議的溫和辦法讓他們學習 (因為我們必須承認世上有各種脾性的小孩)；那也不能說，棒打的粗暴紀律處罰應該用到所有小孩身上。而且在比較溫和的方法沒有在小孩身上徹底嚐試以前，不可下結論說他不能夠被這些方法管束；萬一溫和的方法不能使小孩努力做他該幹的事，我們也不會原諒這種頑固不化的小孩：對他們鞭打就是正確的糾正方法；但是鞭笞的方式要與一般的情況不同。那種故意不讀書，父親正麵嚴厲地下了命令，仍舊執意不肯去做他所能做的事情的小孩，不可因為他沒有執行任務而隻是恨恨地打兩三下了事，而當他犯了同樣過失時，又去同樣反複懲罰；而是當明知故犯，不得不鞭打時，我覺得懲罰應該更加從容一點、更加嚴厲一點，並且抽打 (夾雜著訓誡)要繼續，直到它在心理上留下的影響能從小孩的麵容、聲音與屈服中表現出來，不僅是因為感覺痛苦，而是因為他犯的錯而自咎，並且真心悔過。如果這樣的懲罰，在適當的間隔試過幾次，並且極端嚴厲地施行，同時父親對他始終清楚地表示不高興的樣子，卻仍舊不能奏效，不能改變他的心理，使他將來順從；那麽能期望鞭笞有什麽用，多多地使用它們又能達到什麽目的呢？鞭笞如果不能產生良好的影響，就更像出於一個暴怒的敵人的怒火，而不是出於一個有同情心的朋友的好意；這種懲罰隻會惹惱小孩，沒有一點改正的希望。假如一個父親不幸有這樣一個乖張固執、無可救藥的兒子，我不知道父親除了為兒子祈禱而外能做什麽。不過，我覺得如果一開始就能正確運用對付小孩的方法，那麽很少會遇到這種小孩；萬一真有這種情形，也不能以此為例來教育那些本質較好、可以用更好的辦法去管理的小孩。

 

摘自Some Thoughts Concerning Education (English-Chinese Edition)(ISBN-10: 1537479857)