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莎士比亞的毒藥係列:愛情是毒藥

(2022-11-11 17:22:28) 下一個

《羅密歐與朱麗葉》第五幕第一場,羅密歐聽到朱麗葉去世的消息後,立馬去了一家藥店,對賣藥人說:“請給我一點毒藥,厭世的人一服下去便會散入全身的血管,立刻斃命。那種毒藥會令呼吸立刻停止,就像火藥發射出去一樣快。”

(Let me have

A dram of poison, such soon-speeding gear

As will disperse itself through all the veins,

That the life-weary taker may fall dead

And that the trunk may be discharged of breath

As violently as hasty powder fired)

賣藥人遞給他一副毒藥,說:“無論放在什麽飲料裏喝下去,即使你有二十個人的力氣,也會立刻送命。”

(Put this in any liquid thing you will

And drink it off, and if you had the strength

Of twenty men, it would dispatch you straight.)

絕大多數專家都認為毒死羅密歐的是歐洲烏頭,學名Aconitum Napellus,俗名包括Aconite(附子)、 wolfsbane(狼毒)等。這種多年生植物主要出現在北半球山地潮濕的草甸上,很早就被引入英國。植株外形美觀,深綠色的掌狀葉,高大直立的主幹頂端有一簇藍紫色的總狀花序,兩側對稱生著許多花。小花的上部萼片發育成一個巨大的頭盔狀結構,類似於中世紀僧侶所穿鬥篷的兜帽,故又稱“monkshood” 。植物的所有部分,尤其是塊根和種子,都是有毒的,藥物附子是從葉子和根中提取的。古人常把附子毒塗在箭頭上用於狩獵或作戰,哈姆雷特就是被塗著附子的毒劍刺死的。

歐洲烏頭也是最早被引入花園的毒花之一,與飛燕草、翠雀花(Delphinium)、毛地黃等一眾毒花成為北溫帶流行的園藝花。

附子毒性猛烈,莎士比亞在《亨利四世》第二部中也有所揭示。第四幕第四場,重病中的亨利王交待托馬斯.克萊倫斯:“你怎麽不跟你的親王哥哥在一起?他愛你,你卻這樣忽視他,克萊倫斯。所有的兄弟中,你是他最喜歡的一個……你要成為你的朋友們的庇護者、一個把你的兄弟們緊密結合的金箍,這樣你們的骨肉血液永遠相連,盡管參雜著惡毒的讒言,如附子草和火藥一樣猛烈,無時不刻地傾注進去,卻永不滲漏。”

(How chance thou art not with the Prince thy

brother?

He loves thee, and thou dost neglect him, Thomas.

Thou hast a better place in his affection

Than all thy brothers.

……….

And thou shalt prove a shelter to thy friends,

A hoop of gold to bind thy brothers in,

That the united vessel of their blood,

Mingled with venom of suggestion

(As, force perforce, the age will pour it in),

Shall never leak, though it do work as strong

As aconitum or rash gunpowder.)

兩千多年來,附子一直是懸疑作家最喜歡的毒藥。古羅馬文學大師奧維德的《變形記》中幾次提到了附子:大英雄赫拉克勒斯(Heracles)將冥王的三頭犬捕到地麵上,這條惡狗的唾液淌到的地方就長出了烏頭。 雅典娜女神用狼毒將阿拉克涅(Arachne)變成了蜘蛛。美狄亞在酒中加入附子,試圖毒死忒修斯(Theseus)……

  

莎士比亞在創作《羅密歐與朱麗葉》時,也用毒藥和藥水來推動劇情發展。

第一幕第二場,表弟班伏裏奧與深陷單相思之苦的表哥羅密歐開玩笑:“哦,兄弟,新的火焰可以撲滅舊的火焰,一個痛苦可以減輕另一個痛苦,轉暈了,可以朝相反的方向轉。一次絕望的憂傷可以治愈另一次的憔悴。給你的眼睛找一個新的炎症,原來的臭毒便消失了。”羅密歐反唇相譏:“你的車前草葉最適合治愈__”班伏裏奧問:“治愈什麽?”羅密歐答:“治愈你的跌斷的小腿。”

 (BENVOLIO

Tut, man, one fire burns out another's burning,

One pain is lessen'd by another's anguish;

Turn giddy, and be holp by backward turning;

One desperate grief cures with another's languish:

Take thou some new infection to thy eye,

And the rank poison of the old will die.

ROMEO

Your plaintain-leaf is excellent for that.

BENVOLIO

For what, I pray thee?

ROMEO

For your broken shin.)

莎翁在此暗示,治療失戀的最好方法是發展另一段戀情。隨後出現的朱麗亞治好了羅密歐的愛情舊傷,卻帶來了更多的絕望與痛苦。所謂的良藥和毒藥,區別隻在劑量。相思成癮,有情人天長地久,愛情便是良藥。如花之年雙雙殉情,如此用力過猛的愛情,更像是毒藥了,因為人們區別“毒”,往往是從會不會致病和致死這個角度判斷的。

在羅朱二人的愛情悲劇中起著或不可缺的作用的勞倫斯神父,是個知識淵博的草藥學家。第二幕第三場,他提著一個籃子在戶外采藥,說了一段對奇花和毒草的精辟見解:“趁太陽還沒有睜開眼曬幹潮濕的夜露,趁白日來臨之前,我必須用毒草和珍貴的鮮花,來填滿我們的這個柳條籠子……這一朵小花的弱蕊纖苞內,同時具有毒性和藥力。聞著花香,快樂無比,吃下肚卻令心跳停止。草木與人心皆相同,善意與惡念並存,若是惡念占了上風,很快植物便患潰瘍病而死。” 

(Now, ere the sun advance his burning eye,

The day to cheer and night’s dank dew to dry,

I must upfill this osier cage of ours

With baleful weeds and precious-juicèd flowers.

……

Within the infant rind of this small flower

Poison hath residence and medicine power.

For this, being smelt, with that part cheers each part;

 Being tasted, stays all senses with the heart.

Two such opposèd kings encamp them still,

In man as well as herbs—grace and rude will.

 And where the worser is predominant,

 Full soon the canker death eats up that plant. )

神父擅長用藥,第四幕第一場,為了成全少男少女的愛情,他拿了一瓶自製的藥水給朱麗葉,對她說:“快快樂樂地回家去,答應嫁給帕裏斯。明天就是星期三了,明晚你必須一人獨睡,別讓你的奶媽睡在你的房間裏。這一個藥瓶你帶走,等你上床以後,喝光裏麵的所有液汁。很快就會有一陣昏昏沉沉的寒氣通過你全身的血管,接著脈搏就會停止跳動,沒有一絲熱氣和呼吸可以證明你還活著。你的嘴唇和臉頰上的紅潤之色會變成灰白,你的眼瞼閉下,就像死神關閉了生命的白晝。你身上的每一部分失去了循環,僵硬冰冷,像死了一樣。在這種與死無異的狀態中,你必須經曆四十二小時,然後仿佛從一場酣睡中醒了過來……”

(go home, be merry, give consent

To marry Paris. Wednesday is tomorrow.                    

Tomorrow night look that thou lie alone;

Let not the nurse lie with thee in thy chamber.

Take thou this vial, being then in bed,

And this distilling liquor drink thou off.

When presently through all thy veins shall run

A cold and drowsy humor, for no pulse

Shall keep his native progress, but surcease.

No warmth, no breath, shall testify thou livest.

The roses in thy lips and cheeks shall fade

To wanny ashes, thy eyes' windows fall                      

Like death when he shuts up the day of life.

Each part, deprived of supple government,

Shall, stiff and stark and cold, appear like death.

And in this borrowed likeness of shrunk death

Thou shalt continue two and forty hours,

And then awake as from a pleasant sleep.)

許多人根據神父的描述,判斷這種藥水的主要成分是原產於西歐的多年生草本植物deadly nightshade (顛茄,學名Atropa Belladonna),全株有毒,特別是根部和根莖毒性最強。據傑拉爾德的《植物通誌》記載,顛茄也叫睡茄,吞下幾粒果實會引起神智不清和昏睡,多吃會導致死亡。

 

可惜,計劃執行的過程中出現了偏差,兩個年輕人香消玉殞。

值得一提的是,勞倫斯神父雖然支持兩個年輕人熱烈的愛情,卻也對他們的結合表示出了一絲憂慮。他在為小兩口主持婚禮時說了一段話:“這種狂暴的快樂將會產生狂暴的結局,正像火和火藥的親吻,在最得意的一刹那煙消雲散。最甜的蜜糖甜得令人生厭,可以使味覺麻木。愛的適度,才會愛的長久。太快和太慢,結果都不會圓滿。”

(These violent delights have violent ends

 And in their triumph die, like fire and powder,

Which, as they kiss, consume. The sweetest honey

Is loathsome in his own deliciousness

And in the taste confounds the appetite.

Therefore love moderately. Long love doth so.

Too swift arrives as tardy as too slow.)

這句忠告不僅適合於愛情,也適合於生活的各個方麵。

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