二: 莎士比亞的超級迷你小精靈
一提到文學作品裏的百裏香,大多數西方讀者最先想到的是莎士比亞的《仲夏夜之夢》(A Midsummer Night’s Dream)第二幕第一場的一段台詞:
奧伯隆:
“我知道一處野百裏香盛開的斜坡,牛唇報春花和低垂的紫香堇也長在那兒,馥鬱的金銀花、芬芳的麝香玫瑰和鏽紅薔薇張起了一副錦帷。有時提泰妮婭躺在群花中,柔舞輕歌撫著她安睡。蛇兒蛻下閃亮的皮,小精靈拿來做合身的外衣。我要把這朵花的汁液灑在她的眼上,讓她充滿了可怕的幻想和欲望。(他給了羅賓一些花)你拿著這些花去林中找找,一位可愛的雅典女人愛上了一位薄幸公子,把花汁點在他的眼睛上,確保他下一個見到的就是這位姑娘。他穿著雅典人的服飾,你一定認得出他。小心執行我的吩咐,讓他最終愛那個姑娘勝過姑娘愛他。在雄雞第一聲打鳴之前來見我。”
(OBERON
I know a bank where the wild thyme blows,
Where oxlips and the nodding violet grows,
Quite overcanopied with luscious woodbine,
With sweet musk roses and with eglantine.
There sleeps Titania sometime of the night,
Lulled in these flowers with dances and delight.
And there the snake throws her enameled skin,
Weed wide enough to wrap a fairy in.
And with the juice of this I’ll streak her eyes
And make her full of hateful fantasies.
(gives ROBIN some of the flower)
Take thou some of it and seek through this grove:
A sweet Athenian lady is in love
With a disdainful youth. Anoint his eyes.
But do it when the next thing he espies
May be the lady. Thou shalt know the man
By the Athenian garments he hath on.
Effect it with some care, that he may prove
More fond on her than she upon her love.
And look thou meet me ere the first cock crow.)
這段話是精靈國王奧伯隆(Oberon)對手下羅賓(Robin,也叫Puck ,浦克)的吩咐。 他與妻子提泰妮婭(Titania)發生了激烈的爭執,為了報複妻子,命令羅賓采來“愛懶花”(即三色堇)的花汁,滴在她的眼睛上,使她醒來後瘋狂地愛上第一眼見到的人或動物。同時他命令羅賓把花汁也滴在狄米特律斯(Demetrius,戲劇中的四個戀人之一)眼裏。
這是一出以精靈撐起半壁江山的大戲,精靈們在第二幕出場,他們用充滿詩情畫意的輕柔韻律說話,以詼諧輕快的惡作劇方式引發了愛情的困惑和失衡,但最終又通過魔法讓愛情回歸原位皆大歡喜。裏麵的精靈人物是以英國民間傳說為基礎創作的,植根於本土,兼具國際性。比如奧伯隆和王後提泰妮婭的名字就很國際化,奧伯隆是法國名字,提泰妮婭這個名字來自古羅馬詩人奧維德(Ovid,公元前43年-公元17/18年)的《變形記》(Metamorphoses)。精靈王和精靈王後以世界為家,“到處遊蕩,比月球轉動還快”(wander everywhere / Swifter than the moon’s sphere ”。提泰妮婭還是印度某異教的女神,有一個很虔誠的教徒女友。女教徒難產死後,提泰妮婭收養了她的兒子。戲劇開始時,他們剛剛從印度回來,前往雅典參加特修斯(Theseus)和 希波呂塔(Hippolyta)的婚禮。奧伯隆的隨從浦克也是一位旅行高手,能夠“在四十分鍾內環繞地球一周”(put a girdle round about the earth / In forty minutes)。- 這些都是精靈國際化的表現。
另一方麵,為了給雅典公爵的大婚助興而在森林裏排演戲劇的一幫業餘演員,包括織匠、木匠、補鍋匠、裁縫、風箱匠等,使得雅典具有濃厚的英格蘭鄉村氣息。羅賓的各種惡作劇也與英國的鄉土生活息息相關,比如,第二幕第一場,羅賓與小精靈們有一段生動的對話:
小精靈說:“要是我沒有把你認錯,你就是調皮狡黠的精靈,叫羅賓好人兒。你就是慣愛嚇唬鄉村女士,從牛乳上抹去乳脂,有時讓氣喘籲籲的主婦們半天也磨不出麵粉,有時讓啤酒不能發酵,讓夜行者迷了路,自己卻偷偷笑他們。叫你‘淘氣鬼 ’和‘好浦克’的那些人,你就為他們工作,給他們帶來好運。是你,對吧?”
(FAIRY
Either I mistake your shape and making quite,
Or else you are that shrewd and knavish sprite
Called Robin Goodfellow. Are not you he
That frights the maidens of the villagery,
Skim milk, and sometimes labor in the quern
And bootless make the breathless housewife churn,
And sometime make the drink to bear no barm,
Mislead night-wanderers, laughing at their harm?
Those that “Hobgoblin” call you, and “sweet Puck,”
You do their work, and they shall have good luck.)
Are not you he?
羅賓答:“你說對了,我就是那個快活的夜遊者。我跟奧伯隆講笑話逗他發笑。我會學著母馬的嘶聲,欺騙一隻肥胖精壯的雄馬。有時我化作一顆烤熟的野蘋果,躲在老太婆的酒碗底,當她喝酒的時候,我彈到她的嘴唇上,麥酒灑在她皺癟的脖子上。有時一位聰明的老婦正在講一個悲傷的故事,以為我是一隻三角凳,坐在上麵,我從她的屁股下溜走,讓她摔個四腳朝天,哭著說:“我的屁股”,然後開始咳嗽。周圍的人笑的前仰後合,眼淚鼻涕都笑出來,發誓說沒有比這更快樂的時光了。”
(ROBIN
Thou speak’st aright.
I am that merry wanderer of the night.
I jest to Oberon and make him smile
When I a fat and bean-fed horse beguile,
Neighing in likeness of a filly foal.
And sometime lurk I in a gossip’s bowl
In very likeness of a roasted crab,
And when she drinks, against her lips I bob
And on her withered dewlap pour the ale.
The wisest aunt telling the saddest tale
Sometime for three-foot stool mistaketh me.
Then slip I from her bum, down topples she,
And “Tailor!” cries, and falls into a cough,
And then the whole quire hold their hips and laugh,
And waxen in their mirth, and neeze, and swear
A merrier hour was never wasted there.)
以上的對話很接地氣,充滿鄉村生活情趣。
在莎士比亞之前,人們認為精靈是侏儒型的,身高不超過一米。莎翁在他的戲劇裏創造了超級迷你精靈,比如《羅密歐與朱麗葉》裏的麥布王後(Queen Mab),“她的身體隻有郡吏手指上一顆瑪瑙那麽大;一群螞蟻大小的小人替她拖著車子”(she comes /In shape no bigger than an agate-stone /On the fore-finger of an alderman, /Drawn with a team of little atomies ”。通過《仲夏夜之夢》的第二幕第一場裏的小精靈與羅賓之間的對話,我們可以猜到這出戲裏的精靈們也是超級迷你型的。現將部分台詞翻譯如下:
小精靈:
“越過丘陵和山穀,
穿過灌木和荊棘叢,
越過庭園和圍場,
穿過洪水和烈火:
我到處遊蕩,
比月球轉動還快;
我為仙後服務,
在她的草環上輕灑露珠
母牛唇報春花是她的貼身侍衛,
黃金衣上飾著斑點;
那些是精靈們贈予的紅寶石,
裏麵藏著甜蜜的芬芳;
我要在這裏找幾滴露水,
給每朵花掛上珍珠耳墜。
再會吧,你這淘氣的精靈。我必須走了。
仙後和她的小妖們即將光臨”。
(FAIRY
Over hill, over dale,
Thorough bush, thorough brier,
Over park, over pale,
Thorough flood, thorough fire.
I do wander everywhere
Swifter than the moon’s sphere.
And I serve the fairy queen
To dew her orbs upon the green.
The cowslips tall her pensioners be.
In their gold coats spots you see.
Those be rubies, fairy favors.
In those freckles live their savors.
I must go seek some dewdrops here
And hang a pearl in every cowslip’s ear.
Farewell, thou lob of spirits. I’ll be gone.
Our queen and all our elves come here anon.)
羅賓:
“今夜大王在這裏開宴會,
千萬不要讓王後靠近他。
奧伯隆非常惱怒,
因為王後,王後的隨從;
偷到了一個印度小王子,
她從未偷過這麽可愛的一個孩子;
嫉妒的奧伯隆想要這個孩子,
做他的侍童隨他在林子裏遊蕩;
可是她哪裏肯放手,
給他滿頭戴花,無比寵溺。
從此他倆拒絕相會於林中和綠草地上,
也不在清澈的泉畔和燦爛星空下碰麵,
但他們一直在吵架;小妖們嚇得膽戰心慌,
爬進橡殼裏躲起來。”
(ROBIN
(The king doth keep his revels here tonight.
Take heed the queen come not within his sight.
For Oberon is passing fell and wrath
Because that she, as her attendant hath
A lovely boy stolen from an Indian king.
She never had so sweet a changeling.
And jealous Oberon would have the child
Knight of his train, to trace the forests wild.
But she perforce withholds the lovèd boy,
Crowns him with flowers, and makes him all her joy.
And now they never meet in grove or green,
By fountain clear or spangled starlight sheen.
But they do square, that all their elves for fear
Creep into acorn cups and hide them there.)
精靈王後可以鑽進母牛唇迎春花裏小憩,小妖們可以在橡殼裏藏身,可見身材之迷你。
另外,第二幕第二場,精靈王後提泰妮婭對她手下的小精靈們說:
“來吧,圍成一個圈跳舞,唱一首精靈之歌,然後在一分鍾內餘下來的三分之一的時間裏,去做你們的工作。有的人去殺死麝香玫瑰花苞中的蠕蟲,有的人去和蝙蝠作戰,獲取它們皮革般的翅膀給我的小妖們做衣裳,有的人去驅逐那隻在夜裏對著我們這些神奇的精靈們咕咕叫喚的貓頭鷹。現在給我唱催眠曲吧。然後去做你們的事,讓我休息一會兒”。
(TITANIA
Come now, a roundel and a fairy song.
Then for the third part of a minute, hence—
Some to kill cankers in the musk-rose buds,
Some war with reremice for their leathern wings
To make my small elves coats, and some keep back
The clamorous owl that nightly hoots and wonders
At our quaint spirits. Sing me now asleep.
Then to your offices and let me rest.)
小妖們的衣服是用蝙蝠翅膀做的,足見身材之嬌小。
第四幕第一場,提泰妮婭對她醒來後第一眼看到並瘋狂愛上了的波頓(Bottom)說:“我有一個善於冒險的小精靈,可以到鬆鼠的秘倉裏為你取些新鮮的堅果來。”
(TITANIA
I have a venturous fairy that shall seek
The squirrel’s hoard and fetch thee new nuts.)
接著波頓吩咐提泰妮婭的侍從蛛網(Cobweb):“蛛網先生,好先生,拿出你的武器,替咱把大薊葉尖上的紅屁股的熊蜂殺了;然後,好先生,替咱把蜜囊兒拿來。別累著了,先生。而且,好先生,當心別把蜜囊兒給弄破了,咱可不樂意看到你在蜜囊裏頭淹死了。”
(BOTTOM
Monsieur Cobweb, good monsieur, get you your weapons in your hand and kill me a red-hipped humble-bee on the top of a thistle. And, good monsieur, bring me the honey bag. Do not fret yourself too much in the action, monsieur. And good monsieur, have a care the honey bag break not. I would be loath to have you overflown with a honey bag, signor.)
從這些台詞中,我們知道最冒險的小精靈隻能去鬆鼠的密倉裏取堅果,蛛網先生一不小心可能會被熊蜂的蜜囊淹死 – 這些都說明精靈們的體型太微小了。