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美國國內對立到了什麽層度?

(2020-01-04 06:54:47) 下一個
在美國,最大的侮辱是子女娶嫁敵黨,共和黨人尤其不能接受
 
 
美國黨派之恨超過種族之分(《華郵》The starkest divide Americans see isn’t black-white. It’s red-blu),在2016年末皮尤就有過類似的結論(《紐時》A Measure of Identity: Are You Wedded to Your Party?),對於子女擇偶黨派選擇不在乎的不到一半,而這項2018年的研究(The great partisan divide in the US is now deciding who Americans marry)夫妻政見相反的不到6%。
 
美國國內所謂進步保守之間的敵對,基本上是兩黨,民主黨和共和黨之間的敵對,黨確實給大家一個意識形態吵架的平台,所以選舉黨的候選人人格往往是次要的,黨才是唯一主要的,美國這種自願的“聽黨的話,跟黨走”的選擇也許對中國人、華裔是個意外,中國不能不聽黨的話,美國人牢騷多,但投票也沒脾氣。隻有明白這個道理,才會理解為什麽中國人華裔把經濟利益作為一個人的第一核心利益的想法是個誤解,經濟利益很重要,但事實證明那通常不是第一因素,不僅僅中國人,很多白左也納悶底層白人為什麽投票投了傷害自己的利益的票,也是同一個原因。
 
那是說美國人本質上跟“缺乏現代公民意識的”中國人一樣賤嗎?我就不傷你的心了,在越親的人越無法溝通的原因一文裏說過人有隻見自己想見的東西,其餘視而不見的本事,所以人有本事給自己打造一個“事實空間”,自己有自己的一套事實,一個現實,聯邦結黨更會加強這種心態。這種選擇自然跟中國缺乏自由不一樣,但沒有自由和放棄自由,最終結果如何並不容易說清,因為專製是自由的敵人,民主也是自由的敵人
 
兩項2014年的調查體現兩黨領導階層的組成和意向也反映了這一社會現狀:
 
Farina figure1
國會極化程度
 
Farina 3a
民主黨越來越左,共和黨越來越右
 
Democrats and Republicans More Ideologically Divided than in the Past
 
這種對立不僅僅是政見不同,而是彼此仇恨,視為敵人:
Beyond Dislike: Viewing the Other Party as a ‘Threat to the Nation’s Well-Being’
 
黨派之分演變成城鄉之分
一年多前有一個說法,美國其實並沒有那麽極化,有一個沉默的中間階層,老實過頭,被壓得喘不過氣來。
 
_1-es_tribes
 
也許性情上這麽分是有道理的,但作為政治利益團體,這個分法與現實脫節(“Hidden Tribes,” the new report centrists are using to explain away polarization, explainedThe Moderate Middle Is A Myth)。
 
下麵列舉一些《皮尤》的民調結果。本文圖像一般能點擊放大。
 
彼此痛恨,彼此詆毀
Growing shares in both parties give ‘cold’ ratings to those in opposing party
 
Most partisans view the other side as ‘closed-minded’; Republicans see Democrats as ‘unpatriotic’
 
沒有共同的語言
Republicans and Democrats say they can’t agree on ‘basic facts’
 
黨派對立是第一大仇
Wide partisan gaps on political values across a number of areas, but the largest differences are on guns and race
 
Partisan gaps dwarf race, education, other differences in political values
 
共和黨內部:年齡
A chart shows that younger and older Republicans differ on foreign policy, immigration, largely agree on race and guns
 
民主黨內部:種族
A chart shows that black and white Democrats diverge sharply on whether belief in God is necessary for morality
 
總統帶來好風氣壞風氣?兩黨答案不一樣
Majority of public says Trump has changed the tone of political debate in the U.S. for the worse
 
Trump’s statements spur feelings of concern, confusion, embarrassment
 
共和黨對媒體完全失去信心
A chart showing that Republicans far more likely than Democrats to say journalists lack ethics, but Republicans who strongly approve of Trump stand out even more
 
A chart showing that highly engaged partisans are extremely polarized in their confidence in journalists
 
A chart showing that Republicans are far more likely than Democrats to say that journalists lack ethical standards
 
在國家大事上,兩黨完全不合
A chart shows health care affordability, drug addiction widely viewed as 'very big' problems facing the country
 
A chart shows little partisan agreement on the major problems facing the U.S.
吸毒財政赤字是例外
 
A chart shows that adults under 30 are the only age group in which a majority views climate change as a very big problem
青年是希望
 
奴隸製對黑人的損害
 
對局勢看法也不一樣
Since Trump took office, positive economic views have surged among Republicans, sagged among Democrats
 
More say Trump’s policies have made economy better than worse; nearly a third say they’ve had little impact
 
Income gap in national economic ratings is particularly wide within GOP
 
Economic expectations for the next year remain relatively unchanged
 
公平
Widest partisan gap in views of fairness of tax system in at least two decades
 
Overall views of tax law little changed; fewer Republicans ‘strongly approve’
 
Widening partisan differences in concerns that corporations and wealthy don’t pay fair share
 
富裕階層的態度
Republicans and Democrats with incomes of at least $75,000 sharply diverge in views of fairness of the federal tax system
 
Continued partisan gap in views of fairness of U.S. economic system
 
Majority of Americans say business corporations make too much profit
 
國際關係
Republicans and Democrats have very different goals for U.S. foreign policy
 
Partisans differ over importance of limiting power of Russia, Iran, China
 
Few young adults prioritize maintaining U.S. military advantage
 
對聯合國的態度
 
亞裔是(收入)貧富差別最大的種族
From lowest to highest: Income inequality in U.S. increased most among Asians from 1970 to 2016
 
大家(所有黨派)對政府的信心
Public opinion varies across federal agencies; views of ICE still mixed
 
Most Americans say political debate in the U.S. has become less respectful, fact-based, substantive
 
Large majority says ‘heated’ rhetoric by politicians raises risk of violence
 
前途暗淡
Majorities say both Trump and Democratic leaders will be unsuccessful in getting their programs enacted over the next two years
 
More Americans expect partisan relations to get worse than did so after three prior midterms
 
 
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評論
西雅圖市委書記 回複 悄悄話 北美年輕一代天天打遊戲上社交媒體,廢材居多,哪裏還有什麽對上帝的信仰和愛國主義精神。沒有川普,美國很危險!
清漪園 回複 悄悄話 啥都怕過猶不及。恕我直言,樓主使用表格過多妨礙閱讀。
smithmaella 回複 悄悄話 層度,程度。這個學術性很強。
taoma 回複 悄悄話 媒體每天的煽風點火也是造成這種分裂局勢的原因
常態 回複 悄悄話 ??? 那看出來的?

比如川普繼承了美國戰後總統接任最好的經濟環境,今年的經濟狀況不看好,泡沫是明顯的。
隨著世界資源的減少和美國可以獲得的資源降低,美國走到社會主義是早晚的事情。
常態 回複 悄悄話 ??? 那看出來的?

比如川普繼承了美國戰後總統接任最好的經濟環境,今年的經濟狀況不看好,泡沫是明顯的。
隨著世界資源的減少和美國可以獲得的資源降低,美國走到社會主義是早晚的事情。
westshore 回複 悄悄話 從理念角度來講,共和黨提倡個人責任,在個人負責的前提下政府就是多餘,尤其是大政府。但這種模式最大的硬傷就是資源分配問題,沒有資源你是無論如何也沒法負責的。而且資源是有限的,不可能人人足夠,因此競爭就是必然,就會有輸贏,輸的人不能對自己負責,就該淘汰。
這種理念源於西方贏者通吃文化。
民主黨偏重社會主義理念,但也意味著資源集中管理,自由就收到選擇,個人不能隨性所欲,但能保證社會整體效率高。美國有一個很明顯的執政模式,從來都是共和黨總統把經濟玩完,換上民主黨總統拯救,唯一的例外是卡特與裏根的交替。
就是因為民主黨的社會主義大政府理念可以集中資源,有利於走出危機,但不利於競爭,所以經濟一好人們就希望共和黨上台減稅讓自己擁有更多資源,直到再次玩完。
比如川普繼承了美國戰後總統接任最好的經濟環境,今年的經濟狀況不看好,泡沫是明顯的。
隨著世界資源的減少和美國可以獲得的資源降低,美國走到社會主義是早晚的事情。
至於如今美國的分裂,是基於恐懼,恐懼之下就出現部落文化,大家都防著其他部落的侵害。
而這種恐懼是如何形成的,看看川普競選講演就知道了,當年墨索裏尼就是同樣的講演。製造對立麵是任何獨裁者的不二法寶,毛有階級鬥爭理論,希特勒墨索裏尼就更不用提了,樹立敵人。
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