不搞市場經濟,光靠政府,夠累的吧?
未富先老 中國式養老的現實困境
經濟參考報
“一路研究下來,形勢不容樂觀,”劉繼同說,“中國的傳統文化提倡居家養老,如果把父母送到養老院,孩子們往往會被別人指指點點,可是居家養老,特別是當老人罹患重疾甚至生活不能自理時,常常會變成壓垮一個家庭的最後一根稻草”。
劉繼同是北京大學衛生政策與管理係的教授,當他的母親因患糖尿病與心衰而被送醫治療時,母親就成為他研究中國醫療服務和養老服務的一個樣本。
“在老齡化洶湧來襲的今天,中國在養老製度建設方麵須盡快走出一條符合國情的養老道路。”
在居家養老和養老院養老之外,如何找到一條更適合當前中國國情的養老模式是社會各界共同關心的話題,這不僅關係到個體家庭的福祉,也關係到中國未來發展的後勁。
“銀發潮”之猛:60歲以上老人達2.12億
來自民政部門統計數據顯示,截至2014年年底,我國60歲以上的老人大約有2.12億,其中15%為80歲以上的高齡老人,15%為失能和半失能老人。
中國社會福利基金會曾對中國的養老模式做過一次專項調研,該基金會副秘書長繆瑞蘭指出,發達國家65歲以上老年人占總人口的比例從7%提升到14%大多用了45年以上的時間,而中國隻需27年就可完成這個過程。
“在世界範圍內橫向比較,可以看出中國存在著明顯的未富先老現象。西方國家的老齡化程度雖然高於中國,但是它們的富裕程度也遠遠高於中國。與中國人均國內生產總值相當的秘魯和南非,老齡化比重僅為6.7%和6.1%,分別比中國低3個百分點和3.6個百分點,均未達到7%的國際人口老齡化社會榮枯線,這足以表明中國人口結構變化的嚴峻性。”繆瑞蘭說。
更令學界擔憂的是,雖然中國傳統文化推崇“孝道”和家庭養老,但是落實這種“孝道”的現實基礎卻在逐漸弱化和動搖。最突出的表現就是家庭結構的變化,如今中國主流家庭結構已轉變為隻有一個孩子,這意味著年青一代的養老負擔將變得非常繁重。此外,人口流動的加快導致代際分離現象日益突出,中國有相當多的老人獨守家中,成為空巢老人。即使是與父母同居一個城市的年輕人,也因高強度的工作和快節奏的生活而很難抽出時間給予父母更多陪伴。
養老院之痛:安全隱患、護理不足、法規缺位
“歐美發達國家的確依靠養老院來養老,但他們的養老院,按照中國的標準來看,大都是高端養老院。而中國本土市場的特殊性就體現在如何滿足低端需求上。當前應該在養老服務和機製上創新,讓每個老年人都能及時得到醫療及養護服務。隻有這樣,慢慢變老才是一件幸福而有尊嚴的事情。”上海幸福9號老年樂園董事長王振認為,中國不能簡單照搬國外的養老模式。建設養老院並不能完全解決老有所養的問題。“剛剛成家立業的年輕人發愁沒房子住,而中國的老年人可不缺房子住,他們缺的是健康護理和關懷。如果蓋的養老院基礎設施還很差,安全隱患又多,那就更容易引發社會不滿。”
事實上,從鄭州市發生的養老院“虐老”事件、黑龍江海倫市聯合敬老院縱火案、湖南雙峰縣養老院惡性殺人事件,到近期發生的河南平頂山市魯山康樂園老年公寓火災,頻頻發生在養老院的慘劇,折射出基層養老安全之痛。
近年來,在國家扶持政策和市場機遇的刺激下,各類社會化養老機構如雨後春筍般紛紛出現。然而,就在養老日益成為資本競相追逐的“朝陽產業”的同時,公立養老院一床難求,城鄉之間、大城市與中小城市之間養老資源分布不均衡、養老專業護理人員短缺、管理水平低下等問題漸漸暴露出來。
“事實上,有許多農村民辦養老機構為節約成本,根本做不到消防達標。”西部某省民政部門工作人員介紹,不少民辦養老院往往在前期投入階段就存在資金緊張的問題,無法按照國家統一的養老機構建設標準進行建設,甚至存在偷工減料,以假亂真的情況。而麵對養老事業的旺盛需求,地方監管審批部門往往“睜隻眼,閉隻眼”。
東部某縣級市一家民辦養老院院長曾豔紅表示,二三線城市,特別是城鄉結合部地區的養老機構起步晚,受傳統思維的影響,往往將養老院看成是“孤老院”或“老年收容所”,因此多采用家庭式管理,軟硬件配套不足。另一方麵,不少城鄉結合部的建築物產權不明晰,消防配套不到位,導致民辦養老機構拿不到執照,隻能違規經營。
河南省延津縣一家敬老院包括院長在內的6名服務人員,都是四五十歲的農村婦女,沒有專業的護理技能,洗衣、做飯、喂飯、端尿、打掃衛生,幾乎24小時都在院裏忙活,每個月卻隻有800多元工資,很難吸引人、留住人。
福建安心民辦養老院院長宋達介紹,當前隻有各地市民政部門會不定期地舉辦護理專業技術培訓,且僅限於初級培訓。而老人作為一個特殊群體,往往麵臨身體機能退化、思想意識不清等問題,心理層麵的精神慰藉往往被養老機構所忽略。
記者了解到,當前護工群體主要構成為進城務工人員,專業度不足。而我國護工專業也僅開設三五年時間,麵臨招生困難、師資不足、教材缺失、認可度低等問題。為此,護理人員培訓成為不少民辦養老機構的“自選動作”。
養老服務法規的缺位也是困擾養老行業的一大問題。宋達說,當前人們法律意識逐漸提升,但養老行業專門的法律法規卻遲遲未見“音訊”,不少民辦養老機構的入住協議隻是養老院自行擬定,沒有規範的格式和法律依據。
宋達說,養老院多是風險高發群體,出險率極高,但當前涉及養老機構糾紛多參考《消費者權益保障法》,缺乏明確法律支持,導致現實中因養老服務發生的糾紛往往因參考法規的不同而結果懸殊。
為了應對法律依據模糊的現狀,宋達所在的養老院聘請了法律顧問,針對老人可能存在的問題,進一步細化相關規程,規範員工行為,“但大部分民辦養老院沒有這個意識,也沒有相關經費,一旦出現問題,養老機構甚至直接被拖垮。”
養老保障之誤:家庭責任還是國家責任
“我們現在的養老還是強調家庭責任,沒有解決養老由國家承擔的主體責任。如果研究發達國家的經驗就會發現,針對老人的服務應該是福利性的、社會性的,隻有利用社會化的機製才能實現風險共擔和代際補償,這樣才能促進社會的穩定與和諧。”劉繼同認為,要從根本上解決中國的養老困境,最核心的議題就是要明確養老的責任歸屬。
專家們認為,中國不能再把養老的重點放在提供物質幫助上,現在已經到了機製創新的關口,特別是在保險製度設計、養老服務多元化和資金管理安排上。
劉繼同結合母親的案例說,在德國創立長期護理保險後,日本加以借鑒創辦了介護保險,凡是45歲以上的人,無論男女,除了交養老保險外,還要交介護保險,到生病時就有專門的護理員提供服務。但是在國內,老人生病住院最難找的就是專業護理員,整個行業的發展嚴重滯後於老齡化社會的需求。
由於老齡人口大都受到慢性病的困擾,老年人最需要的是康複性醫院。但在國內,除非是做手術或罹患重症,否則老年人很難等到住院治療的機會。劉繼同認為,中國不僅缺乏醫養結合的機構,而且也缺少提供臨終關懷的醫院,因此加快醫療機構的多元化發展也是當前迫切需要解決的問題之一。
劉繼同說,很多人都認為養老保障是花錢的事,總是擔心養老保險資金不足,其實隻要在優化管理機製方麵多下工夫,資金並不是問題。“社會保險原理是大數法則,當前國內實行的五大保險都是各自封閉運行,且單一保險都還沒有實現省級統籌,不同的保險基金歸不同部門管理,難以形成合力。”
專家們指出,中國作為發展中國家,在養老模式上應該借鑒國際經驗,比如與中華文化淵源很深的新加坡就利用稅收優惠對奉行居家養老傳統的家庭給予鼓勵,凡是與老人合住的家庭都會享受住房公積金貸款優惠,而計稅則是以家庭收入做標準,充分考慮家庭的收支需求,而非個人的收入水平。
王振認為,中國應效仿西方國家的做法,通過政府購買服務的方式培育養老醫療社會服務產業。他說,與其由政府出資辦養老院,質量參差不齊,不如由政府補貼市場來建設養老機構和日間看護機構,而補貼的標準則取決於政府、社會以及老人、子女對這些機構運營質量的評級和監督。
劉繼同說,現在居家養老條件跟不上,一個主要原因就是養老服務跟不上。如果能在每個社區都培育一個多學科的養老服務團隊,為老年人提供醫療保健康複、日間看護等服務,老年人在家就能住得安心。
養老保障並非一個“無底洞”,這是探索中國養老模式必須改變的一個認識上的誤區,社會福利不僅商機無限,而且對社會、政治、經濟的發展都有深遠的正麵影響,這是受訪專家和業界人士的共同觀點。
(記者 程雲傑、趙丹丹、劉姝君、陳曦、梁軍、譚劍、薑剛、周暢、毛振華、閆平、周蕊 綜合報道)
“醫養結合”:看上去很美
安徽省合肥市第一人民集團醫院濱湖醫院老年科內,兩人間的病房裏獨立衛生間、懸掛式電視機、落地玻璃窗、紅色儲物櫃等一應俱全,床頭分布著各種功能的白色插頭和按鈕,老人和家屬可隨時通過按鈕呼叫,今年84歲的張建廷和老伴都住在這裏。
“在別的地方,病看好了就得出院,不舒服了再來住院,有的老同事就一直輾轉各大醫院。我們年紀大了,不想在各個醫院來回跑,也折騰不起,就想有個既能看病、又能養老的地方。”張建廷說。
張建廷所在的濱湖醫院老年科於2010年正式運行,該科設立“托護養老”和“醫保住院”兩種管理路徑。“醫”,即入院老人需要疾病診療,進入“老年科住院病人”信息係統,按照“醫保住院”管理路徑進行住院管理。“養”,即為“托老”模式,進入“老年護理院”信息係統,享受專業照顧、病情觀察、心理護理、健康教育和康複指導,不納入醫保報銷。“醫”“養”互換時僅切換信息和管理路徑,改變床頭標識,無須搬移床位。
遼寧省大連市目前也在探索醫養結合新模式。大連市中山區桂林養護院一樓是社區衛生服務中心,二樓、五樓是養護院。“養護院共有115張床位,現在已經住滿了。”院長周淑媛說,老人在這裏連同吃飯、床位、生活護理等每個月需3000多元。如果需要治療,可辦理家庭病床,用醫保卡支付,最長時間兩個月。樓下的社區衛生服務中心裏,有七八個全科醫生,B超、X光、心電圖等設備相對齊全。
一些地方還在探索機構養老內設醫療機構的醫養結合新模式。目前,上海市660多家養老機構,內設醫療機構的130餘家,提出內設醫療機構納入醫保聯網結算申請要求的103家,已全部納入醫保。
盡管醫養結合受到社會各界歡迎,有的甚至“一位難求”,但目前運行仍麵臨不少成長中的“煩惱”。首先是身份難界定。“醫養結合過程中最大的困惑在於沒有相應的政策和標準,不知道應該怎麽發展。”合肥市第一人民集團醫院濱湖醫院老年科主任陳雪羚說。其次是市場供需脫節。大連金石灘醫院副院長戴經躍說,醫養結合是係統工程,國家探索這條路是要解決就醫難、養老難問題,所以醫養結合非常急迫。但現實情況是,大量高端醫療機構主要集中在大城市,大醫院人滿為患,而大量的二級醫院、社區醫院被閑置。目前,許多慢性病、退行性疾病患者需要康複治療,但市場需求與供給脫節,服務設施不足,全科醫生不足。再次是標準難統一。醫養結合監管主體涉及民政、醫保、衛生等多個部門,一位基層民政部門負責人說,以評估標準為例,民政與衛生部門各有一套護理等級分級製度,衛生部門的標準以身體健康水平為基準判斷進護理院,民政的標準以生活照護水平為基準判斷進養老院,對不同水平的老人進入不同的輪候區,這就造成了同一名老人,按不同的體係評估後,進入不同的機構享受的待遇是不同的。
業內人士呼籲,國家能明確是否提倡、鼓勵醫養結合的發展方向,明確機構的性質、發證單位、運營規章,並予以支持。在護理、醫療、病人準入等方麵,國家應出台統一明確、操作性強的標準或評價體係。在所有的醫療網點為老人建立健康檔案,將醫療和養老信息打通。
《金融時報》
Favourable GDP data reflect reality, says China
China’s National Bureau of Statistics on Wednesday rejected suggestions that the inflation gauge it uses is flawed and exaggerates the country’s real economic growth rate.
Before the release of Wednesday’s second-quarter gross domestic product estimate, China’s nominal GDP growth rate had plummeted from almost 20 per cent to 5.8 per cent since 2011, a much sharper decline than the inflation-adjusted figures that have trended downwards from 9.5 per cent to 7 per cent over the same period.
The difference between this year’s first-quarter nominal and real growth figures implied that the so-called GDP deflator — a broad measure of inflation that covers all types of goods and services — was negative, at -1.2 per cent, for only the third time in nearly two decades. That transformed the government’s 5.8 nominal growth figure into 7 per cent real growth — bang on Beijing’s growth target of “about 7 per cent” for the full year. But it also implied that China suffered from nearly unprecedented deflation in the first quarter.
Sheng Laiyun, NBS spokesman, declined to say what the deflator was for China’s second-quarter growth figure, which also came in at 7 per cent. But analysts calculate that it has stabilised at 0.1 per cent, compared with -1.2 per cent in the first quarter.
In other words, nominal GDP growth rebounded from 5.8 per cent to 7.1 per cent between the first and second quarters.
“The inconsistency between the GDP deflator and other price measures seems to have gone away in the second quarter, after having been rather extreme in the first quarter,” says Andrew Batson at Gavekal Dragonomics, a Beijing research house.
Andrew Polk, resident economist at the Conference Board think-tank in Beijing, noted that there had been a similarly sharp upwards adjustment in the deflator between the first and second quarters of 2014.
Mr Sheng said the NBS had done “diligent research” on doubts raised by other analysts about China’s deflator series, adding they had “a lack of understanding about our calculation methods”.
“There is room for improvement,” he said. “But in general China’s GDP deflator hasn’t been underestimated, nor has GDP growth been overstated. Both objectively reflect the real situation.”
Mr Sheng noted that China uses the output-based “production approach” to calculate its GDP, which works out value added from agriculture, industry and services, also known as primary, secondary and tertiary industry. This, he added, differs from the expenditure approach favoured by some other countries, which is composed of consumption, investment and net exports.
【翻譯】
《金融時報中文網》
中國GDP高估了?
《華爾街見聞》點評
中國GDP到底有沒有被高估?
超預期的GDP背後 中國經濟進入“平底鍋的鍋底”
《經濟學人》
Whether to believe China's GDP figures
IT ALL seems a little too perfect to be true. The Chinese government set a growth target of “about 7%” this year. And for a second consecutive quarter, despite ample evidence of stress in its industrial sector, it managed to hit that right on its head. In the three months from April to June, the economy expanded 7% compared with the same period a year earlier. Cue the chorus of scepticism: Chinese data just cannot be trusted, goes the usual refrain. Yes and no. There is a difference between smoothing data and totally fabricating it. Evidence suggests that China is guilty of the former (the lesser charge) but not the latter (the more serious allegation).
China has a history of ironing out the ruffles in its growth figures. No less an authority than Li Keqiang, now the premier, once said that local GDP data were "man-made and therefore unreliable". The most notorious case of manipulation came in 1998 in the aftermath of the Asian financial crisis. Many Asian countries suffered recessions but China claimed to grow by a hefty 7.8% that year. Looking at other indicators, many economists concluded that growth was in fact closer to 5%. The manipulations can occasionally work in the opposite direction. In the early 2000s, when China reported growth of 8-9%, some reckoned that it really expanded by closer to 10%. Why would China understate its growth? One possibility is that statisticians missed big parts of the economy. Another is that the government downplayed its strength to avoid arousing anger at a time when its export juggernaut was beginning to rev up.
As China’s economy has become more crucial to rest of the world, its data have also come under closer scrutiny. The theory was that this would make it harder for its boffins to play with GDP numbers. In the first quarter, though, major doubts resurfaced. Industrial production fell to its weakest growth since the depths of the global financial crisis, while the property market, a pillar of the economy, slumped. When China reported real growth of 7% year-on-year in the first quarter, economists noted that this did not stack up with its nominal growth of 5.8%. The only way to arrive at the higher real figure was to record a GDP deflator of -1.1%, implying that the economy suffered broad-based deflation, a bizarre development when consumer prices rose by more than 1% at the same time. Had the GDP deflator been accurately estimated, Chang Liu and Mark Williams of Capital Economics reckoned, real growth in the first quarter would have been about one or two percentage points lower.
China’s new data, published today, appear to be more credible. In nominal terms, growth rebounded strongly from 5.8% year-on-year in the first quarter to 7.1% in the second quarter. The corollary is that the GDP deflator went from deflation of 1.1% to inflation of 0.1%, a reading that is much more consistent with rising consumer prices and falling producer prices. Still, there were signs of some tampering. Without providing any explanation, the national bureau of statistics lowered the quarter-on-quarter growth rate of the second quarter of 2014 to 1.9% from 2%. The effect was likely to lower the base of comparison for the second quarter of 2015, flattering the year-on-year growth rate. The impact, though, would have been relatively small: a few tenths of a percentage point, not a few percentage points.
What’s more, the sources of Chinese growth in the second quarter were less mysterious than in the first quarter. While investment continued to slow, services accelerated. The industrial sector grew 6.1% year-on-year in the first half, down from 6.4% in the first quarter. By contrast, the services sector jumped to 8.4% growth from 7.9% in the first quarter. That matters since services now occupy a larger share of Chinese GDP than industry. There is reason to doubt the sustainability of the services strength. It was predicated to a large extent on financial services benefiting from the stockmarket bubble that popped last month. But the gains for financial services, whether transient or not, were real. China’s statisticians did not invent them.
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2015上半年
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