特別提款權(Special Drawing Rights,簡稱SDR),據國際貨幣基金組織(International Monetary Fund,IMF)說:
The SDR is an international reserve asset, created by the IMF in 1969 to supplement its member countries’ official reserves. Its value is based on a basket of four key international currencies, and SDRs can be exchanged for freely usable currencies. As of March 17, 2015, 204 billion SDRs were created and allocated to members (equivalent to about $280 billion).
人民幣目前還不是特別提款權的成分。中國一直打算將人民幣納入特別提款權,近來中國爭取將人民幣納入特別提款權的願望不斷增加,相應的準備工作也密鑼緊鼓:
2015.03.22
周小川:今年將推三方麵改革 努力實現資本項目可兌換
2015.03.23
周小川:正準備修改外匯管理辦法
2015.03.23
周小川:為加入SDR做準備 中國今年努力實現 人民幣資本項目可兌換
央行行長周小川
2015.03.23
【中國發展高層論壇】周小川與拉加德大談人民幣和SDR
現年67歲的周小川說:“我覺得這個題目我個人還需要進一步研究領會才能說得好,今天恰好有拉加德女士參加這場討論,而且國際貨幣基金又在今年對特別提款權(SDR)的籃子進行評估,因此我就借這個機會先說一下這個題目。”
周小川已經為推動人名幣加入SDR努力了五年有餘。加入SDR將為人民幣成為儲備貨幣奠定基礎,有助於中國挑戰美元在全球貿易與金融中的主導地位。中國成為世界第二大經濟體,為周小川增添了砝碼。
IMF每五年對SDR貨幣籃子進行一次評估。2010年,因認為人民幣不能“自由使用”,IMF決定不將人民幣納入SDR。周小川借周日論壇的機會,向拉加德講述了人民幣的自由化進程。
周小川列舉了滬港通與擴大股市、債市外資準入的例子,還表示中國居民個人海外投資及其他一些規定將於今年放寬,以提高人民幣資本項下可兌換程度。
在周小川做完簡短介紹後,拉加德稱人民幣“顯然屬於”SDR貨幣籃子,IMF將與中國一道為此努力。
2015.03.31
拉加德煮茶論中美:人民幣早晚加入SDR
國際貨幣基金組織總裁(前法國財長)拉加德
但要納入,需要國際貨幣基金組織投票通過,美國多方阻撓,因為美國有否決權,美國不點頭,沒法子。不過霸主也得看眾多嘍囉的反應,如果怨恨多了,霸主也得讓讓步。
拉加德屬於歐洲溫和派,平衡各方厲害,也樂於借中國打壓美國,增加歐洲的聲音,故持支持態度。前幾天見到華爾街日報的一文(
見下),提到周小川說“We plan to make an
all-out effort to achieve this,”在中文媒體裏沒見到這樣的字眼。本周末世行、
國際貨幣基金組織在華府(美國首都華盛頓)舉行年會,這估計是話題之一,南華早報(其消息一向靈通)昨天說(
見下),中國會力促特別提款權納取人民幣。
對不少人來說,這是中美既亞投行後的另一個較量,屬於中國與美國競爭的招數之一,大家都會暗地出招,建天橋·幾天前,
美財長訪華,大家忙著
畢什麽的鬧劇,未必留意,不過美國當時
輕輕一句話,國際貨幣基金組織份額和治理權結構改革方案不了了之
所以這次美國難以讓步。這一來,雙方真較上勁了,大家都難下台。我判斷是中國勝算大,美國又得難堪一次。
2015.04.06
華爾街日報博文:
China Sets Its Sights on Joining the IMF’s Special Currency Club
Groucho Marx once famously said he didn’t want to belong to any club that would accept him as a member. China clearly holds a different view.
For China’s policy makers, if there’s a club, they probably don’t want to pass up the chance to join it – from the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Forum and the Caribbean Development Bank to the Group of 77 and the Zangger Committee. When that’s just not enough, Beijing looks to start its own clubs – such as the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, or more recently, the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank.
Beijing now has its eyes on yet another elite grouping – the IMF’s Special Drawing Rights – an exclusive collection of global currencies that form a special reserve asset. Every five years the International Monetary Fund is supposed to review the composition of the basket, which is currently comprised of the dollar, the euro, the yen and the pound sterling.
Chinese officials have been pressing their case that the yuan ought to be part of this arrangement. They see inclusion in the SDR as something that would expand the yuan’s role as a currency for international trade and investment. Beijing hopes that ultimately the yuan will be a reserve currency that rivals the dollar, and it has become more open about stating its ambitions of late.
The yuan has already taken on an expanded role in global trade. It ranked seventh as a currency for world payments in February, according to the Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication, or Swift. China is already the world’s largest trading nation as measured by the sum of its exports and imports. But one obstacle hampering its goals for the currency is that the yuan is not entirely convertible.
China is working to address that issue. It has vowed to step up its efforts to remove most of the curbs on converting the currency under the capital account – which covers investments.
“People are paying a lot of attention to the issue of whether the yuan can be included in the IMF’s Special Drawing Rights,” said Zhou Xiaochuan, governor of the People’s Bank of China, speaking to a recent gathering of politicians and business executives. He went on to say that China had already set a target of reaching that goal this year, adding: “We plan to make an all-out effort to achieve this.”
That line has been echoed by other Chinese officials.
Wang Yungui, a senior official of the State Administration of Foreign Exchange, said recently that China is “actively seeking inclusion” in the IMF’s Special Drawing Rights.
He said that authorities will keep opening up the country’s capital account and easing restrictions on cross-border investments, though they will stay vigilant against any systemic risks and guard against significant capital outflows.
“I am confident the yuan will be included in the Special Drawing Rights,” he said, without specifying when he thinks such a goal might be achieved.
The IMF doesn’t say that currencies in the SDR have to be convertible, but it comes close, stating they need to be “freely usable.”
Richard Cooper, professor of international economics at Harvard University, said he doesn’t believe the yuan measures up on that score.
“No, in my view the rmb (yuan) is not now freely usable,” he said, noting that there are curbs on some outbound as well as inbound investments.
Mr. Cooper, former U.S. under-secretary of state for economic affairs said, however, that the IMF could change its requirements — or perhaps the yuan could meet the standard at some point in the future. But he added that inclusion in the SDR was not essential for the internationalization of the currency, citing the Swiss franc as an example of a smaller reserve currency that is not in the club.
Cornell University professor of trade policy Eswar Prasad argues that the case against the yuan’s admission to the SDR is less cut and dried.
“The notion of a freely usable currency seems to be distinct from that of a fully convertible currency. There is no accepted official definition, but the idea seems to be that the currency has to be widely used in international financial markets, a criterion the yuan arguably meets,” he said.
Inclusion in the SDR would have “huge symbolism in recognizing and pushing forward the currency’s rising role in global finance,” Mr. Prasad said. “The IMF’s imprimatur would help the yuan gain wider acceptance, although the immediate effects are likely to be limited as the currency’s use would remain constrained by its lack of free convertibility and the limited financial market development in China.”
Of course, getting into the SDR isn’t an all-consuming issue for the average comrade-on-the-street. And even among economists there are those who are less than convinced about the need for inclusion.
Asked recently for his response to the campaign to join, Li Yang, vice president of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, put it succinctly: “I don’t think it’s that important.”
2015.04.14
南華早報
China seeks role for yuan in AIIB to extend currency’s global reach
Effort part of ongoing drive to extend the yuan’s international reach and challenge the greenback’s global dominance in finance
Beijing will push for the yuan to be included in a basket of currencies used to denominate and settle loans from the Chinese-led Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB), according to think tank sources.
Beijing will also encourage the AIIB and the Silk Road Fund to set up special currency funds and issue yuan-denominated loans through both institutions, the sources said.
If the US dollar is used, it weakens China’s bid for the yuan to be a global currency
HAO HONG, BOCOM INTERNATIONAL
The efforts are part of a drive to internationalise the Chinese currency and come as the International Monetary Fund prepares to discuss the possible inclusion of the yuan as its fifth reserve currency and as part of the basket that forms the IMF's Special Drawing Rights.
The sources' claims appeared to be confirmed by a state media report, which said that a basket of currencies called the "AIIB currency" would most likely be adopted as the bank's currency of settlement.
In an article headlined "The five key questions facing the AIIB", the state-run Outlook magazine said yesterday that the biggest unanswered question about the bank was what currency - or currencies - would be used for settlement. The article said there were three options: the yuan, the US dollar or an AIIB currency basket.
It said that of the three the US dollar would be the most cost-efficient and convenient, and the yuan the most expensive and least convenient.
A currency basket was the most attractive option, it said, because it would be more resilient to market shocks.
Hao Hong, chief economist and managing director of research at Bocom International, said the AIIB's grand vision for infrastructure investment came with challenges but China should do its best to establish the yuan as a currency for settlement and denomination.
"If the US dollar is used instead, it weakens China's bid for the yuan to become a truly global currency and to challenge the hegemony of the US dollar," Hong said.
Yifan Hu, chief economist with Haitong Securities International, said it would be too hard to reach a consensus on an AIIB currency basket.
Hu said the Asian Development Bank had failed to set up its own currency basket despite years of negotiations.
"In my view, the US dollar will be used in the early stages of the AIIB, and then [the bank] will gradually move to a mix of the yuan and US dollar," Hu said.
The sources said China would push for broader use of the yuan at the AIIB and the Silk Road Fund, as part of efforts to promote the yuan as an international currency.
The US$40 billion Silk Road Fund is designed to invest in projects to boost infrastructure and businesses in countries from Asia to Europe.
The sources said that if founding members could not reach an initial consensus on a basket of currencies, Beijing would allow the AIIB and Silk Road Fund to use the US dollar as the currency of settlement.
But it would encourage the use of the yuan down the track as the organisation matured.
The sources said that there was still a long way to go in the internationalisation of the yuan and the greenback would continue to dominate the global financial system for the next few years.
李克強:中國無意挑戰國際秩序
英國《金融時報》 萊昂內爾•巴伯 、 戴維•皮林 , 吉密歐 聯合報道
曾經動力十足的中國經濟正以25年來最慢的速度增長,而且增速預計將進一步放緩;執政的中國共產黨正在展開大規模的反腐整肅;與此同時,中國領導人正在努力清理幾十年來極為嚴重的工業汙染。
在中國總理李克強在位於北京天安門廣場西側的人民大會堂會見英國《金融時報》同仁時,這位中國二號實權人物似乎對這些問題都抱著泰然處之的態度。
李克強直接負責管理這個全球最大的經濟體(以購買力衡量),並領導中國經濟從過去那種由信貸助推、由投資拉動的增長模式轉向更可持續的未來。
這是李克強首次接受西方媒體機構采訪。在長達一小時的問答過程中,他神情放鬆、談笑風生、應對自如。這次采訪是在人民大會堂香港廳進行的,選擇這個場所接見一家英國報紙的主編,可謂極具象征意義。
李克強向世界傳達的主要信息是,即便在中國發起創建亞洲基礎設施投資銀行(Asia Infrastructure Investment Bank,簡稱:亞投行)之後,中國對現有國際金融體係的承諾保持不變。
直到今年1月,似乎還沒有任何一個西方國家打算加入亞投行,該行對現有的由美國主導的國際秩序構成了明顯挑戰。但此後,美國的多數盟友都已申請加入該行,突顯出地緣政治實力重心正在以何種方式向東方轉移。
盡管美國嚴肅表明了反對態度,英國還是於上月申請加入亞投行。這促使其他歐洲和西方盟友爭先恐後地提交加入申請,讓美國頗感孤立和舉步維艱。就連美國高官也將此事形容為北京方麵一個令人驚歎的外交勝利。
但在這次接受采訪時,李克強自始至終沒有表現出哪怕是一點點的得意。他多次堅稱,中國無意打造新的國際秩序。
“中方願意與各國一道,維護現行的國際金融體係,”李克強說。“(亞投行)應該是對國際金融體係的一個補充。”
他對英國申請加入亞投行明確表示歡迎,並強調該行以及由日本和美國主導的亞洲開發銀行(ADB)可以“並行推動亞洲發展”。
中國有時抱怨稱,布雷頓森林機構(Bretton Woods institutions,即國際貨幣基金組織(IMF)和世界銀行(World Bank))打造的戰後自由國際秩序,初衷是為了遏製中國和其他社會主義國家。一些中國學者和官員辯稱,這一體係已經過時,需要被取代。
談到中國是否希望取代布雷頓森林機構這一具體問題時,李克強的回答十分明確。
“不存在打破現有秩序的問題,”他堅稱。“我們和世界銀行等機構合作,學習了很多先進理念;我們加入世界貿易組織,使中國企業懂得如何更好地按照國際規則參與競爭。無論是和平還是發展,中國都是現行國際體係的受益者。”
李克強甚至對美國主導的亞太貿易倡議《跨太平洋夥伴關係協定》(TPP)也表現出了謹慎的熱情。由於刻意將中國這個世界最大的商品貿易國排除在外,TPP已被許多人視為一個“唯獨禁止中國入內的俱樂部”。
中國領導人在言談中喜歡使用比喻。李克強在闡述他對量化寬鬆政策和美聯儲(Fed)結束非常規貨幣政策的擔憂時,措辭極其形象。
“實施量寬政策是比較容易的,無非是印票子,”他說。“在推動量寬政策的時候可能是魚龍混雜,什麽都能夠在汪洋大海中生存下來,現在還很難預測一旦量寬政策退出會出現什麽樣的結果。”
他警告稱,不少國家還沒有實施結構性改革來解決全球金融危機的根源問題。他把世界經濟比作一個“先得給他吊水,打抗生素”的病人,暫時無法靠自身免疫係統來使肌體正常恢複。
與不少對中國高級領導人的采訪不同,李克強在這次采訪中沒用底稿,英國《金融時報》的問題也未事先提交給李克強或他手下的工作人員。
盡管這次會談內容原定不記錄在案,但李克強後來同意英國《金融時報》發表談話的全部內容,前提是不對他的話作任何修改——這一點在中國的大環境下也是非同尋常的。
與李克強隨意放鬆的舉止形成對照的,是富麗堂皇的會談場所,以及端上熱毛巾、軟飲料和大量茶水的發式考究的服務員。
今年59歲的李克強來自農業省份安徽,是一名中共基層幹部的兒子。在1966年至1976年的文革結束前後,李克強有四年時間在農村的土地上辛苦勞作。1978年,他成為恢複高考後被北京大學法律係錄取的首屆學生。
李克強就讀中國這所最著名高等學府時,正趕上中國版的“開放”(glasnost)期,那是一段向長期被禁的西方政治思想敞開大門的非凡歲月。他與其他學生一道翻譯了已故英國資深法官丹寧勳爵(Lord Denning)所著的《法律的正當程序》(The Due Process of Law)。當時的同班同學說,李克強受到了一些自由派教授的影響,這些教授中的一些人篤信憲政民主。
1998年,李克強被派去管理貧困的河南省,成為中國最年輕的省長。他的河南任期曾被一樁醜聞蒙上陰影——數萬農民在參加一個官方組織的獻血計劃時感染了艾滋病病毒(HIV)。
由於被視作前中國國家主席胡錦濤的門生,許多人曾認為李克強將成為胡錦濤最有可能的繼任者,直到2007年,形勢明朗起來:習近平將接任國家主席。
自2013年初出任總理以來,李克強的首要任務一直是大幅削減中國臃腫的官僚體係的規模和權力,同時推進更可持續的城鎮化進程和金融改革,並“向汙染宣戰”。
中國一些政界人士認為,自習李上台以來,國家主席習近平鞏固權力的行為,已使得總理辦公室的重要性有所下降。
但在經濟這個一直由總理主導的領域,李克強表現出了信心。他留給外界的印象是,在人們日益擔憂經濟增長放緩之際,他是政府政策的掌舵人。
中國國家統計局周三稱,2015年首季度,中國國內生產總值(GDP)同比增長7.0%,是自2009年首季度全球金融危機達到巔峰以來最慢的季度增速。去年,中國經濟增幅為7.4%,為24年來最低的全年增幅。多數分析師預計,中國經濟今年將進一步放緩。
在兩周前進行的這次會談中,李克強承認中國政府在保就業和實現今年“7%左右”的官方增長率目標上麵臨困難。
“我們的確有經濟下行壓力,”他說,“今年再增長7%左右的速度應該說是不容易的。”
但他堅稱,北京方麵有能力實現這一目標,並實現“比較充分的就業,居民收入不斷增長,環境有所改善”。
“我們有能力保持經濟運行在合理區間,”他說。“從去年四季度到現在,我們在財政貨幣政策方麵都采取了微調政策,當然不是量寬,而是定向調控,應該說是起作用的。”
今年2月底,中國在3個月內第二次降息,另外還宣布計劃,擬徹底改革地方政府財政,並在國內經濟增速放緩最嚴重的地區加大基礎設施投資。
一些擔任政府顧問的中國經濟學家和學者向英國《金融時報》表示,對於中國增幅放緩,中國領導層的實際擔憂要比他們公開表現出來的程度更甚。
許多人認為,中國經濟增長麵臨的最大風險在於該國低迷的房地產市場。過去一年房價和房屋銷量一直在下滑,而且這種局麵還可能會大幅惡化。
十年來,中國的房地產市場、尤其是住宅市場的繁榮一直是中國經濟增長的主要驅動力,直到這個市場去年陷入困境。
去年,盡管中國房地產行業總體投資繼續以10.5%的增速增長,但房屋銷售麵積仍下滑7.6%。李克強承認,房地產市場的低迷是尤其值得關注。
他說:“我們將保持(房地產市場的)平穩健康發展,既要鼓勵自主改善型需求,也要防止泡沫。坦率講,這幾者之間不是完全一致的,我們需要找到平衡點,進行調節,這不是一件容易的事情,但是我們會努力做,而且相信能做到。”
當被問及中國的物價問題時,李克強表現出了更多的信心。中國的生產價格指數(PPI)已連續37個月負增長,這是前所未有的。
李克強說:“國際大宗商品價格大幅下跌,給中國生產價格指數確實造成了很大壓力。從一定意義上講,我們‘被通縮’了。當然,我講的這個‘被通縮’是打引號的,並不是說我們現在出現了通縮。”
3月份,中國消費價格指數(CPI)同比上漲1.4%,雖然遠低於政府為今年設定的“3%左右”的上漲目標,但漲幅仍是正值。
隨著日本和歐洲雙雙推出非常規貨幣政策,部分目的在於讓本國貨幣貶值,許多國際投資者都想知道,中國是否會忍不住讓嚴格管控下的人民幣貶值,尤其是在經濟增長放緩超出預期的情況下。
曆史上看,中國政府能夠抵禦加入貨幣貶值大潮的誘惑,最顯著的例子就是在1997-98年亞洲金融危機期間。在這個問題上,李克強與他的幾位前任持類似觀點,盡管他沒有明確排除中國采取行動壓低人民幣匯率的可能性。
“我不希望看到人民幣繼續貶值,因為我們不能靠貶值來刺激出口,”他說。“我們不願意看見貨幣競相貶值的狀態出現,那會出現貨幣大戰,逼著人民幣貶值,我覺得這對世界金融體係不是個好結果。”
李克強還深入探討了從中日關係到正在進行的反腐行動等話題。他表示,“我們確實在加大反腐力度”。不過,反腐行動主要是由國家主席習近平領導的。
李克強說:“我們在通過約束政府依法行政、擔負應有的職責,激發市場活力,打掉尋租空間,鏟除腐敗。”
公開數據顯示,過去兩年中,中國有數十萬官員因涉嫌腐敗或違反中共紀律而接受調查。
談到中日關係,李克強的言論與中共官方口徑保持了高度一致,稱日本政府需要直麵二戰前和期間日本的侵華暴行。
“中日關係目前還處在比較困難的時期。雙方有改善的願望,但是改善要有基礎,”他說。“這個基礎的根子還是怎麽正確認識二戰這段曆史,怎麽能夠汲取這段曆史教訓,不讓戰爭重演。”
雖然李克強堅稱中國並不打算挑戰現有的國際秩序,但他也清楚地表明,國際秩序需要改革,以體現中國和其他發展中國家的崛起。
“中國要維護現行的國際金融體係,並且願意做其中的建設者,”他說。“中方也願意與各國一道,共同推動這個體係朝著更加公正、合理、均衡的方向發展。”
依據這種說法,中國建立亞投行和其他機構的舉措,或許最好被視為北京方麵的談判籌碼和杠杆,用來推動更快的改革,而不是用來取代或挑戰現有國際秩序。
李克強的任務是讓中國在國際舞台上的發言權與它日益提升的地位相稱,同時確保國內經濟不會脫離正軌。他是否能成功完成前一個任務,很可能要等到他卸任後才會見分曉。至於後一個任務的完成情況,幾乎可以肯定,在2018年他第一個五年任期到期前,就會有定論。