萬發屯
吃喝玩樂奔諾獎
中國古陶瓷術語的英譯是一個專業性很強的問題，而我們現在看到的國內出版物中所翻譯的陶瓷術語與國外學術界通行的譯法存在一定的差異，這在學術交流或對外宣傳中是會造成誤解的。這種差異主要表現在古陶瓷術語的翻譯和語法的運用上，術語是最主要的，同樣的一件器物中文表述很明確，但翻譯成英文卻出現兩種或兩種以上的情況，這樣勢必造成理解上的誤差；語法則是要合乎英語國家的語言習慣而不是“中國式的英語”，這就需要掌握中國古陶瓷英文翻譯的一般規範，即準確的術語和規範的語法。本文主要就古陶瓷器物名稱的英譯談一點粗淺的看法。
一、術語
古陶瓷術語主要包括釉彩、紋飾、器型、工藝技法等幾個方麵，而器物名稱也往往會涉及到這幾個方麵的內容。
從目前看到的國外有關中國古陶瓷的著作中，術語在不同的時期有不同的叫法，這並不是說這些術語有對錯之分，而是說這些術語越來越科學、準確，反映了中外學術界的交流與相互借鑒。
下麵對一些在英譯中出現差異較大的釉彩術語名詞作一具體分析。
1 famille verte
【英文釋義】
Famille verte is a term coined by jacquemart in the nineteenth century,and applies to the porcelain decorated in translucent enamels,among which green is dominant,iron red is opaque,but this rarely plays an important part in the decoration.
Famille verte has two parts。One consists of ordinary overglaze decorated pieces,and the other of enamel on biscuit pieces,the distinctions between them not always being very clear?The enamel on biscuit type lends itself to slightly denser treatment and the use of white areas is drastically reduced?To the famille verte there may be limited additions of gold for some details,but gold does not normally occur on the enamel on biscuit type?Famille verte is applied only to types made from the seventeenth century onward(Kangxi period)which differ much in style from earlier wares?Famille verte has survived intermittently,having reached its apogee early in the eighteenth century.
Famille noire and famille jaune are the variants under the general heading of famille verte?They use the same palette but the emphasis is either on the black or the yellow rather than the green,and in both cases these tend to be background colors Black is the dominant background color of famille noire,famille noire consisits of a dull black ground covered with a green enamel?Yellow is the dominant background color of famille janue.
The five colored wares known as Wucai are complicated,as the blue had to be put on under the glaze and fired,and the enamel colores added and refired?Towards the end of the seventeenth century the use of underglaze blue in combination with the overglaze colors diminished。It is finally abandoned in favor of an overglaze blue,and it is to this type that the name truly applies.
During the Kangxi period Wucai was replaced with the famille verte.
【中文說明】
Famille verte 主要是對清朝康熙時部分五彩瓷及其後時期五彩瓷和素三彩的統稱，尤以指五彩瓷為多。在famille verte 中則又有famille noire 和famille jaune 的區分，前者是指墨地五彩，後者是指黃地五彩。對於康熙時期的五彩瓷，我們在翻譯的時候都與一般五彩瓷同樣對待，看不出二者的區別，但在國外學術界則是有嚴格的區分的。對於一般五彩瓷與 famille verte 的區分主要通過藍彩是屬於釉上彩還是釉下彩來做出的。一般五彩瓷，主要是指明代五彩瓷和清代早期五彩瓷，其中的藍彩仍然是釉下藍彩，也就是青花；而famille verte 中的藍彩則是釉上彩。國內出版的大部分文物及相關圖錄或著作中的英文翻譯中，對於康熙這一部分藍彩為釉上彩的五彩瓷的譯法與一般五彩瓷的譯法一樣，沒有做出區分，而在國外的同類著作中，則能看到明顯的區分。
【實例應用】
a Famille verte plate painted with a kingfisher and lotus plants.
五彩荷花翠鳥紋盤
b Famille verte saucer-dish painted with peach and pomegranate sprays and incised with dragons pursuing pearls among clouds.?
素三彩花果刻雲龍戲珠紋盤
c Famille noire vase painted with history stories.
墨地五彩曆史故事圖瓶?
2 famille roes 粉彩
【英文釋義】
Famille rose is a term coined by Jacquemart in the nineteenth century and applise to a group of overglaze enameled porcelains which begins at the end of Kangxi?The edlicate rose pink which is characteristic of the group is an opaque color derived from colloidal gold?All the colors in the group are opaque and stand up more in relief than those of the famille verte translucent type?The wider palette and more meticulous style of painting possible?By about the middle of the eighteenth century western subjects became a popular novelty。This group of enamels is also known by its Chinese name yangcai or fencai??
【中文說明】
在目前能見到的漢英文物或考古詞典中，都將famille rose 與famille verte 歸在“粉彩”的條目之下，可見是將二者混淆了；此外還有直接用拚音“fen cai ”的。“粉彩”一詞的英譯當以國外學術界通用的譯法為準，也就是譯作famille rose。
【實例應用】
a Famille rose vase painted with flower scrolls??
粉彩纏枝花卉紋瓶
b Famille rose jar painted with landscape and figures
粉彩山水人物圖罐
3 peachbloom 豇豆紅釉
【英文釋義】
Peachbloom is the name of a reduced copper glaze effect developed in the Kangxi period?It is difficult to fire and so is used only on small vessels for the scholars table.Pieces are so fired as to produce a soft pinkish?red color,shading off to green in places?The effect is an expensive one to produce successfully,and all the best pieces are of the Kangxi period?The superintendent Zang Ying-xuan is generally credited with this innovation?Peachbloom is an extremely temperamental glaze used only for a small range of objects?There are eight vessels produced with this glaza?They are:a?coiled dragon vase,b?three?string vase,c chrysanthemum vase,d Guanyin vase,e semi spherical water pot (taibai zun),fappleshaped vase,g shallow brush washer,h seal-paste box
【中文說明】
Peachbloom 就是我們所說的豇豆紅釉。國內出版物中基本上不用這一術語，而出現較多的是kidney-bean red,cowpea red 等，都是依照字麵的意思來直譯的。此外，由於豇豆紅有多種不同的叫法，如美人醉、孩兒臉等，有時也就依照中文字麵譯作beatuys blush,childs face,其實所指的器物都是一種，而這些譯法未見得就很科學，也不是通行的用法。其實peachbloom一詞就是依照豇豆紅的另一叫法“桃花片”而譯出的，後成為這一種釉色品種通行的術語。
【實例應用】
a Peachbloom water pot incised with dragon roundels
豇豆紅釉刻團螭紋太白尊?
b Peachbloom chrysanthemum vase
豇豆紅釉菊瓣瓶
4Sancai 三彩?
【英文釋義】
A name given to certain lead silicate glazing techniques?The term is the polychorme wares of Tang,Liao and Song Dynasties,the common colors being yellow,white and green,especially pointing to Tang Sancai?It is also named for Ming ploychrome wares that known as Ming Sancai,in which the dominant background is yellow,with a decoration incised into the body and colored green,later other colors are to added?Fahua,which is produced of Ming Dynasty,is also named Sancai
【中文說明】
三彩的譯法有多種，常見的主要是tri-color 和three-color，這兩種都是依據字麵的意思來直譯的，但並不準確，因為三彩的“三”並不代表這一品種隻有三種顏色，而隻是說明色彩較多而已。雖然在國外把唐三彩、遼三彩和宋三彩、以及明代三彩統稱為三彩，但它們之間還是有所區別的。唐三彩用白色粘土作胎，用含銅、鐵、鈷、錳等金屬元素的礦物作著色劑，釉色以黃、綠、白三色為主，同時還有藍、紫等色。遼三彩受唐三彩的影響，多用黃、綠、白三色，它與唐三彩的區別主要是胎土不同，沒有藍色，施釉不交融，釉麵少流淌現象。宋三彩指宋、金時期生產的低溫彩色釉陶製品，在唐三彩和遼三彩的基礎上，除黃、綠、白三色以外，還有豔紅、烏黑等色，並新創了翡翠釉，但仍沒有藍色。明、清兩代也生產三彩製品，以黃、綠、紫為主色，在澀胎上用彩釉填繪刻劃好的圖案，因其不用紅彩，所以又有素三彩之稱。素三彩始於明代，正德時期最為精致，清代康熙年間十分盛行。三彩的英譯以拚音出之，更能直接表明意思，避免了其他英譯表麵意思帶來的不必要的誤解。?
【實例應用】?
a?Sancai horse and groom of Tang Dynasty??
唐三彩馬與馬夫?
b?Sancai tripod censer of Ming Dynasty??
明素三彩三足爐?
5?Wucai 五彩?
【英文釋義】?
Wucai is a term applied to procelain of the Ming and Qing Dynasties?It often decorated in underglaze blue and overglaze enamel colors such as red,green,yellow and black and occasionally wity a clear turquoise enamel as well?Blue is used like any other colors,but it is a underglaze color and other colors are overglaze?At the end of seventeenth century,Kangxi reigon of Qing Dynasty,Wucai eventually developed into famille verte??
【中文說明】?
五彩的英譯以five-colors 和polychrome 為多見，近來多采用Wucai 。Wucai 在國外學術界所指的主要是明代五彩瓷和清代早期五彩瓷，其中的藍彩仍然是釉下藍彩，也就是青花作為一種顏色來使用；之後的五彩瓷習慣上用famille verte來稱呼。
?
【實例應用】?
a?Wucai double-gourd wall vase painted with phoenix and flowers??
五彩鳳穿花紋葫蘆形壁瓶?
b?Wucai pen?tray painted with dragons and phoenixs among clouds above waves??
五彩龍鳳紋筆盒?
6?Doucai 鬥彩
?
【英文釋文】?
Doucai is a term for porcelains of the Ming and Qing Dynasties decorated in a particularly refined and delicate style?It is a particular type of imperial ware developed during the Chenghua period of Ming Dynasty?It is a nice combination of underglaze blue painting and overglaze enamelling of a very superior king?The main outlines and some of the details are painted in underglaze blue and overglaze translucent enamels washed over to make the rest of the design??
【中文說明】
鬥彩在以往的文獻中英譯為contrasted colors 和contending colors 較為多見，但這兩種譯法都不能夠非常準確的反映出鬥彩的確切涵義，因而還是以漢語拚音的Doucai 來指稱更直接些，且已為大多數學者所接受。
【實例應用】
a Doucai cup painted with grapes
鬥彩葡萄紋杯
b Doucai bowl painted with pheasants and peonys among stones?
鬥彩雉雞牡丹山石紋碗
7Fahua 法花
【英文釋義】
Fahua is also basically of Sancai?The decoration is normally outlined by threads or reticulated,and confined within the raised trail of slip or clay?The pieces usually have a turquoise or purple?blue ground and are decorated in ellow,white,and turquoise or blue with green interiors?Sometimes details such as the faces and hands of the figures ate left in the biscuitIn the late fifteenth and early sixteenth century they are of porcelain but this gradually turns to stoneware and earthenware
【中文說明】?
法花，又叫琺華、法華，是在琉璃釉的基礎上發展出來的釉色品種。出現於元代，明中期以後在山西晉南一帶較為盛行，景德鎮也仿燒法花器物，但胎體從陶變為了瓷。法花的英譯也有多種，但都不是十分確切，目前以用Fahua較為普遍。?
【實例應用】
?
a Fahua jar designed with the story of eight Taoist Immortals??
法花八仙故事圖罐
b Fahua meiping designed with winged dragons above waves??
法花海水翼龍紋梅瓶
目前，國內在古陶瓷術語的使用上還存在一定的混亂，雖然有的專業漢英辭典中收錄了一些術語，但往往是對出現的術語統統收錄，並沒有指出哪一個是常用的或是最規範的，這樣使用者如果沒有一定的相關知識，也就無從取舍，在使用上難免出現問題。因此，我們應該時刻關注國外的學術信息，了解國外學術界的新動向，在專業術語的使用上與國際學術界保持一致。
二、語法
語法在翻譯過程中是一個同樣重要的問題，實際上也就是一個詞語搭配的順序問題，但這個順序有一定的規律，但同樣存在特殊情況，因而不能一概而論。英語的語法與中文的使用習慣是存在根本的差別的，切忌用中文的語序去套英語。陶瓷名稱的英譯也是一樣，雖然名稱隻是一個詞組而非句子，但這個詞組是一個相對較長而複雜的詞組，需要按照一定的順序來組織詞語，語法顯得就十分重要。
先看一個例子：
Blue and white bowl painted with dragons and clouds,中文是“青花雲龍紋碗”。可以看出，這一名稱的表述方式是：釉彩品種＋器型＋工藝技法＋紋飾，這是最為普遍的一般表述方式。再如Doucai cup painted with mandarin ducks in lotus pond(鬥彩荷塘鴛鴦紋杯)，也同樣是這樣的結構。?
但有時候器型的修飾語比較長，為了照顧句子的平衡，就需要做一些相應的調整，如“青花釉裏紅花卉紋蓋罐”按照上麵的結構譯成英語就是“Underglaze blue and red covered jar designed with flowers”，但這樣的句子在英語語法裏就會覺得十分別扭，顯得頭重腳輕，應該譯成“Covered jar designed with flowers in underglaze blue and red ”。再如“黃地青花趕珠雲龍紋碗”就要譯成“Yellow ground bowl reserved in underglaze blue with dragons pursuing pearls among clouds”。?
名稱的表述有繁簡兩種情況，“簡”則是隻說明釉彩品種和器型即可，如紅釉盤直接譯為red glaze plate；而“繁”則是將器物的窯口、製作時代等一並加入，但如果表述的內容太多，則詞組太長，這就需要用逗號加以分隔；如宋景德鎮窯青白釉刻花碗譯為：Qingbai glaze bowl carved with flowers,Jingdezhen kiln,Song dynasty。 再如明宣德景德鎮窯青花人物紋瓶譯為：Blue and white vase painted with figures under trees,jingdezhen kiln,mark and period of Xuande,Ming dynasty。
再有就是中間表示“工藝技法”的詞語的選用，要根據不同的情況選擇不同的詞語，這一詞語的選擇是以器物的主要工藝技法來確定的。如果一件器物使用多種工藝技法，則以其中最主要的一種來表述；如果紋飾在器物表麵通體以繪畫來表現，則用painted；如果紋飾既有平麵的描繪，又有立體的雕塑，則用designed；如果紋飾以刻劃為主，則用carved 或incised；……如此等等。
作者：龍霄飛
