小小茶壺影響西方生活方式——Tea Pot History

The teapot was invented in China during the Yuan Dynasty. It was probably derived from ceramic kettles and wine pots, which were made of bronze and other metals and were a feature of Chinese life for thousands of years. Tea preparation during previous dynasties did not use a teapot.

茶壺是元代中國發明的，這可能是從陶瓷壺和酒壺演變而來的，由銅和其他金屬製成，是幾千年來中國式生活方式的一個特征。在元代之前的曆屆朝代，泡茶煮茶的過程中都沒有使用過茶壺這種東西。

元朝的茶壺

A large teapot China, Yuan Dynasty, 13th Cent - Bronze teapot with dark patina, presents elegant zoomorphic shape. lxh 33 x 30 cm

大型的元代茶壺，13世紀，青銅茶壺。

In the Tang Dynasty, a cauldron was used to boil ground tea, which was served in bowls. Song Dynasty tea was made by boiling water in a kettle then pouring the water into a bowl with finely ground tea leaves. A brush was then used to stir the tea.

在唐代，用來煮擂茶的是一口大鍋，喝茶的時候是裝在碗裏的。宋代喝茶，是用燒一壺開水，然後將水倒進裝茶葉的碗裏，並用一個茶刷子來攪拌茶葉。

Rare Chinese early Yaozhou celadon glazed ewer: of globular form set on a slightly splayed foot, with a thick strap handle, and with a short curved spout; the body showing deeply and sharply carved continuous design of peony blossom and foliage; and a slightly domed cover; Song Dynasty or earlier; H: 8"

罕見的宋朝壺

Written evidence of a teapot appears in the Yuan Dynasty text Jiyuan Conghua, which describes a teapot that the author, Cai Shizhan, bought from the scholar Sun Daoming. By the Ming Dynasty, teapots were widespread in China.[1] The earliest example of a teapot that has survived to this day seems to be the one in the Flagstaff House Museum of Teaware; it has been dated to 1513 and is attributed to Gongchun.

第一個出現茶壺的書麵證據，在元代雜劇文本《濟源從化》中，它描述了一個茶壺，由作者蔡詩展從學者孫道明處購得。

A Chinese Glazed Ceramic Tea Pot 4 x 4 in.Qing Pai glaze. Possibly Song Dynasty. Acquired from the Buntin Collection.

青白瓷器，可能源自宋朝。

A small Qingbai ewer and cover, Yuan Dynasty, 1280-1368

By the Ming Dynasty, teapots were widespread in China.The earliest example of a teapot that has survived to this day seems to be the one in the Flagstaff House Museum of Teaware; it has been dated to 1513 and is attributed to Gongchun.

到了明代，茶壺在中國變得非常普遍了，之前的酒壺和茶壺分不清的現象已經改變。最早的一個茶壺現今存在的證據似乎是在茶具博物館中保存的，據查日期是1513年，是向供春致敬的。

A Rare Chinese Ming Dynasty Blue and White Porcelain Pot with Xunde Mark

明代宣德年間青花瓷茶壺

Ming Dynasty WanLi Imperialware Five-colored Porcelain Tea Pot

明代萬曆年間皇家瓷器五色茶壺

Porcelain (China, Ming Dynasty, probably Wan-li period [1573–1619]) with silver mounts

現在來說一下供春！

據《陽羨瓷壺賦·序》記載，紫砂壺的創始人是明代的供春。

供春(約1506—1566)，又稱供龔春、龔春。明正德嘉靖（公元1522年～1566年）年間人，生卒不詳。原為宜興進士吳頤山的家僮。吳頤山，名仕，字克學，與蘇州唐伯虎等友善。

正 德甲戌年（1514年）進士，後以提學副使擢四川參政。據記載，吳頤山未中進士前，讀書宜興金沙寺（在今宜興湖滏鎮）。書僮供春“給使之暇”，發覺金沙寺 僧人將製作陶缸陶甕的細土，加以澄練，捏築為胎，規而圓之，刳使中空，製成壺樣。便“竊仿老僧心匠，亦淘細土，摶坯茶匙穴中，指掠內外”，做成“栗色暗暗 如古金鉄”的茶壺，這就是後來名聞遐邇的紫砂茶壺。因壺為供春所製，通稱“供春壺”。現藏中國曆史博物館的樹癭壺，就是他所製，造型古樸，指螺紋隱現，把 內及壺身有篆書“供春”二字。

民 間也流傳著關於供春壺的故事：傳說明代正德年間有一位讀書人在宜興的金沙寺複習迎考，他的書童供春就在寺內向金沙寺僧學習用紫砂製壺，並且進行了自己的改 造，把原來實用性為主的壺製作得更有文化氣息。當時文人們對於奇石有種獨特的審美，他們認為“醜極”就是“美極”，如果一塊石頭達到了“瘦、漏、透、皺” 的程度，這就是一塊美石。當時供春仿照金沙寺旁大銀杏樹的樹癭，也就是樹瘤的形狀做了一把壺，並刻上樹癭上的花紋，燒成之後，這把壺非常古樸可愛，很合文 人的意，於是這種仿照自然形態的紫砂壺一下子出了名，人們都叫它供春壺。由於身份原因，供春結交的都是一些讀書人，文人愛喝茶，大家在一起談論文學時品茶 聊天，所以供春壺在文人中一下傳播開了。

供春作品目前存世隻有兩件：一件樹癭壺（上圖），今藏北京中國曆史博物館；另一件六瓣圓囊壺（下圖），今藏香港茶具文物館。

下麵來說茶壺對世界文明的影響。

Early teapots are small by western standards because they are generally designed for a single drinker, and the Chinese historically drank the tea directly from the spout. The size reflects the importance of serving single portions so that the flavours can be better concentrated and controlled, then repeated.

早期西方引進的茶壺都是很小的單件。因為它們一般都是為個人飲用來設計的，而且中國曆史上用茶壺喝茶都是直接對壺嘴喝的。這個壺身的大小直接影響了泡茶的比例和口味的集中和控製，然後可以重複進行。

1842-1848 French Teapot

Teapot with Pattern of the "Hundred Antiques" Qing dynasty (1644–1911) Date: 19th century Culture: China

From the end of the 17th century tea was shipped from China to Europe as part of the export of exotic spices and luxury goods. The ships that brought the tea also carried porcelain teapots. The majority of these teapots were painted in blue and white underglaze. Porcelain, being completely vitrified, will withstand sea water without damage, so the teapots were packed below deck whilst the tea was stowed above deck to ensure that it remained dry.

十七世紀末，茶葉從中國運到歐洲，作為一種外來的香料和奢侈品出口的一部分，運茶葉的船也運輸茶壺瓷器。這些茶壺大部分是青花瓷，完全玻璃化，不會受到海水鹽份的侵害，所以茶壺一般裝在甲板下麵，而茶葉被存放在甲板上以確保它們幹燥。

China, Ming period, blue and white teapot, with bulbous shape and flat base, in the form of a rooster, with feather and flower motif details.

中國明朝青花瓷茶壺。

Qing Dynasty, Kangxi Period (1662-1722) Chinese Blue and White Covered Teapot Exported to Holland. Monogrammed Dutch Silver Mounts. The Letter 'G' in Underglaze Blue on the Base.

清朝康熙年間，中國青花瓷茶壺出口到荷蘭。

Teapot with Cover Artist/maker unknown, English c. 1760

Fine Antique Japanese Hirado porcelain teapot and cover, 'meiji period', Fashioned with openwork 'basket-weave' sides, the spout and handle modeled Dragon, lid inverts for cup.

日本茶壺

Chinese Porcelain Dragon Leopard Tea Pot.

Tea drinking in Europe was initially the preserve of the upper classes, due the expense. Porcelain teapots were particularly desirable because porcelain could not be made in Europe at that time. It wasn't until 1708 that Ehrenfried Walther von Tschirnhaus devised a way of making porcelain in Dresden, Germany, and started the Meissen factory in 1710.When European potteries began to make their own tea wares they were inspired by the Chinese designs.

茶飲在歐洲最初是由上層階級來享受的，因為很昂貴。瓷器茶壺是特別被渴望的，因為歐洲當時不能生產瓷器，直到1708年德國的德累斯頓才開始製造瓷器，歐洲人開始製作陶瓷茶具，都是受到中國茶壺設計的影響。

Dutch Silver Tea Pot with Dolphin Spout c1730

荷蘭銀質茶壺

Rare Vintage Chinese Export Ceremonial Teapot with by luxethnic

Sterling Teapot by Barnard London 1839

Tiffany & Co sterling silver teapot in a floral repoussé pattern, with a shell motif around the base. New York, c1881 (Britannia Silver)

1855-1861 French Sèvres Coffee and tea service at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York

Teapot and stove ~ France ~ 1760

Staffordshire Blue and White Teapot - circa 1830's

In colonial America, Boston became the epicenter for silver production and artistry. Among the many artists in Boston there were four major families in the city's silver market: Edwards, Revere, Burt and Hurd. Their works of art included silver teapots.

在殖民地美國，波士頓成為了銀器生產和藝術中心。在波士頓城內有銀市場四大家族：愛德華茲，利福利，波特和赫德，他們的藝術作品中包括銀茶壺。

English silver antique teapot

Blue and white salt-glazed teapot, English (Staffordshire), about 1750–60.

Historical Staffordshire Teapot

To keep teapots hot after tea is first brewed, early English households employed the tea cosy, a padded fabric covering, much like a hat, that slips over the tea pot. Often decorated with lace or log cabin motifs in the early 1900s, the modern tea cosy has come back into fashion with the resurgence of loose leaf tea ateliers.

如何把茶壺保暖，早期英國家庭使用的茶壺都有一個軟墊織物覆蓋，很像一頂帽子，套在茶壺上。經常還用花邊或小木屋圖案裝飾，在1900年早期。到了現在，這種茶套又死灰複燃。

早期茶壺套子

現在茶壺套子時尚又重現

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