加州SCA5企圖為頻死的平權法案注顏

在平權法案實施的今天，不同種族的畢業生手裏證書的含金量是不同的。圖片來自網絡。

UAAFA (美亞團結促進會）反對SCA5的廣告。廣告所述的UC亞裔學生數會降低到現在的三分之一的預測並不準確。

加州SCA5在參議院的投票通過激起了華裔的憤概。大家沒有預料到，美國加州在進人21世紀後，還會出台如此赤裸裸地以人的膚色為升學考量的憲法修正案。我們必須重溫與SCA5密切相關的美國民權法案的曆史，而六十年代末開始的給非洲裔等少數族裔在升學和就業上照顧的平權措施則是民權法案的重要組成部分。平權法案的初衷是試圖扭轉白人對黑人的歧視，同時洗滌美國的罪過，這些在美國總統約翰遜在首都華盛頓的黑人哈瓦德大學的演講中表述得非常清楚。

然而，美國超過半個世紀實施的平權法案將巨額優待給予少數族裔所造成的逆向歧視，完全違背了民權法案禁止以種族，膚色，信仰和國家來源的不同歧視任何人的核心思想。代表德州的民主黨總統約翰遜在簽署民權法案後預測，他簽署該法案的筆將會激怒他故鄉的南方白人。多年後，共和黨的尼克鬆抓住機會采取了所謂的“南方策略”，從此曆史上代表奴隸主利益的民主黨變成了代表美國少數族裔的黨派，而解放了黑奴的林肯的共和黨則變成了代表白人或富人利益的政黨。在1964年美國民權法案的最後國會投票結果中，78%的共和黨人投讚成票，隻有59%的民主黨人投讚成票，而投反對票的眾議員中民主黨員占了75%，這些數據展現給我們的政治版圖與現在的美國正好相反。所以我們現在看美國曆史上的著名政治家族，像肯尼迪，布什或羅姆尼家族，他們的黨派沒變但他們的後代看世界的角度已經與他們的先輩大相徑庭了。

平權法案說白了是想補償以往美國對非洲裔的歧視或罪過，現在我們納稅人60年來都在努力通過美國政府還白人奴隸主（也包括非洲那些幫助販賣奴隸的本地人）的債，但是誰來還曾經幾乎是處於半奴隸狀態的修美國鐵路的華裔勞工的債呢？這債似乎有著永遠還不清的盡頭，結果有白人出來抗爭了，他們拿起法律武器逐級上訴到美國的最高法院。通過三次在最高法院對平權法案的抗爭，高院的大法官們終於順從民意一次次地對平權法案作出了更為嚴格地解釋。在2003年密西根判案時，高院給了一個25年以後平權法案沒有理由存在的限期，也就是說，平權法案應該在2028年結束。去年最高法院在辯論德州大學對Fisher案的判決書中，將平權法案作了進一步地限製，要求德州大學隻有在所有非種族因素都嚐試過後才能在錄取新生時考慮種族的因素。

加州民眾在1996年的公投中以54%通過了名為209的憲法修正案，禁止在州級學校錄取時考慮種族因素；密西根州於2006年以58%比42%確定了與加州相似的法案，如今美國有七個州禁止平權法案。美國從法律界到民眾都認為平權法案的終結進入了倒記時，普林斯頓大學的研究種族教育的著名學者THOMAS ESPENSHADE曾在《紐約時報》撰文坦誠平權法案已經進入它的曆史使命的夕陽歲月。就是在這樣的大潮流下，我們看到了西裔參議員賀南德茲的SCA5, 要求將種族因素再次加人到錄取的過程中，並且令人氣憤的是，三位華裔參議員為了自身的飯碗全部投了讚成票。談及飯碗，那幫常春藤的教授們支持平權也有部分原因是為了他們的飯碗。因為平權招進去的學生很多都在底層畢業，或者不畢業，更明顯的是不合格的平權學生學不了數學，科學或工程等相對難的專業，紛紛轉向曆史等容易的人文專業，這樣那幫耶魯教授的飯碗就有保障了。這些都是有社會學研究結果支持的事實。

UCLA的法學教授Richard Sander在研究了非洲裔在美國具有競爭力大學的表現後得出結論，受平權法案照顧進去的非洲裔不僅上名校對他們助益有限，反而因為不匹配會給他們帶來更多的痛苦。也就是說，不合格的學生靠照顧進入了不夠自己水準的大學後隻好在底層掙紮，反而是對他們自信心的一種傷害。他在The Atlantic發表的關於平權法案的文章更是列出了一係列意料中的發現：首先，非洲裔學生如果入校時是選的科學和工程的專業，他們將會兩倍於白人放棄於這種相對較難的職業追求；再者，非洲裔進入大學時若想繼續深造讀博士，如果讀的是不匹配的大學他們將會兩倍於匹配的大學放棄讀博士的念頭；第三，大約一半的非洲裔大學生處於他們班級裏的底層的20%；另外，不能通過律師資格考試的非洲裔法學院畢業生是白人學生的四倍。與此同時，加州209法案實施後，憑自身本領而不是靠政策照顧入學的非洲裔學生在UCLA的畢業率則大幅增加。

我們看到提SCA5的西裔參議員是多麽頑固地為自己族裔的利益奮爭，他在自己的類似提案在議會多次受阻並且數次遭到加州共和黨及民主黨州長同樣的否決後仍不放棄，這次才看到了些希望。他很清楚西裔在加州人口眾多的優勢，逐將策略鎖定在通過公投修改加州憲法裏的209法案禁止將種族用於錄取的條款。這位西裔參議員不去解決西裔高中生的高達20％的退學率，而一味把眼光盯在UC的旗艦類大學伯克利和UCLA，在接受采訪時，他還公開希望這些UC（加州大學）也像斯坦福和耶魯那樣照顧西裔的學生。

賀南德茲參議員在洛杉磯地區長大，早年申學時，應該是因為成績不夠沒有讀成UC係統的名校而畢業於CSU（加州州立大學），隨後又靠美國扶持少數族裔的照顧政策在中西部的印第安納大學讀完研究生院。他這次不惜挑起與亞裔的衝突，此事件使我們想到了李文和被西裔能源部長理查森迫害的案件，最後美國政府向曾經遭遇牢獄之災在內的近十年折磨的李文和做出了巨額賠款。具有諷刺意義的是，理查森是和加州大學伯克利分校華裔校長田長霖競爭能源部長的職位，結果克林頓將該職位給了理查森，而理查森在奧巴馬和希拉裏民主黨總統初選時卻公開支持了奧巴馬，克林頓的這筆政治交易並沒有得到回報。

你說這平權為還奴隸的債，我們勒緊褲帶還就行了，那麽我們欠西裔什麽債呢？德州或加州以前是他們的，但世界的版圖從來都是靠戰爭劃分的。西裔在加州的人口是亞裔的二倍多，這不純粹是多數人對少數族裔的政治立法暴力嗎？

令華裔社區震驚的是，華裔三位參議員也跟隨西裔參議員限製華裔上UC的機會，這在美國族裔政治還很明顯的今天實屬罕見。雖然投下讚成票的華裔參議員劉雲平表示如果再次投票，他可能會投下反對票。當時的情況是，隻要有一位華裔參議員投下反對票，該法案就會胎死加州參議院，就不會有我們現在的抗爭。從劉雲平參議員接受采訪時所述，我們還能看見華裔的參政意思實在是太欠缺了。劉雲平在投票之前，完全沒有收到華裔要求他投反對票的任何形式的請求，那麽他那次投票就像是一次普通的投票一樣；但是基於這位參議員一貫反對加州209憲法修正案的立場，劉雲平作為政客現在說話的可信度值得懷疑。

與聯邦修憲相似，加州修憲的門檻也不低，必須在參眾兩院以三分之二的多數通過才能公投。華裔疏忽了參議院投票之前的遊說工作，吃了大虧，不過此刻亡羊補牢仍然不晚。現在的情況是，隻要兩位加州眾議員反對或棄權就會封殺該議案，南加州的華裔眾議員周本立發表聲明，表示不能支持現行版本的SCA5，但是周本立並沒有給出明確的投票意向。

與這次加州立法院帶有鮮明種族歧視色彩的SCA5相比，前不久華裔走上街頭抗議的ABC Jimmy Kimmel Show的不當言論簡直是毛毛雨。加州華裔為我們華夏子孫在美國的發展仍需努力去做立法遊說，重點當然是那些民主黨亞裔眾議員，包括北加州眾議員方文忠。現在西裔參議員在三位華裔議員的周旋下，同意暫時將SCA5擱置以便有更多的時間去聽取亞裔社區的意見，但擱置遠非放棄，華裔的壓力應該持續到該法案不會在11月公投才算勝利。

但是我們必須指出，大量反SCA5的言論存在著不少偏激的預測，拿來做辯白的證詞有時會適得其反。事實是，即使SCA5實施也不可能將UC亞裔學生人數從40%降到與亞裔在加州人口比例相當的15-18%, 降到與存在亞裔配額的常春藤一樣，那是不可能的。原因很簡單，因為作為州立大學的UC，沒有經費像藤那樣對每位申請學生進行綜合評議，並且UC必須公平對待人口還在增長的亞裔優秀申請學生；另一個錯誤的預測是，如果加州法案通過將會蔓延到全美國，加州作為政治極端自由的州，它的法律不可能影響全美其他的州，就像209法案實施二十年來也隻有七州跟進一樣。與此同時，也沒有太多的美國州擁有加州這麽大比例的西裔人口。

所以我們覺得SCA5會使UC亞裔從45%（2005年伯克利的亞裔人數）降到35%左右，介於現在的哈佛耶魯和加州大學伯克利分校之間。大量加州華裔學生則會去內陸的安娜堡密西根大學或香檳伊利諾大學。在那裏讀大學，享受四季，也重新檢回在加州失去的美國核心價值觀。

我們華裔要盡一切可能去阻止SCA5在加州眾院的通過；影響未來可能的公投結果；以及做最壞的長久打算，如果SCA5真正成為法律後，還應該向各層法院甚至是美國最高法院去申訴，因為這是極端左派們加速美國下滑的又一昏招。

[非否非]

多謝好文！

[沈成涵]

我們華裔要盡一切可能去阻止SCA5在加州眾院的通過；影響未來可能的公投結果；以及做最壞的長久打算，如果SCA5真正成為法律後，還應該向各層法院甚至是美國最高法院去申訴，因為這是極端左派們加速美國下滑的又一昏招。

----支持！

[聖地亞哥民工]

希望這次關於sca 5de探討有助於華人對美國政治的關心，公民權是必須用投票來表達的，大家要去抗議。

最簡單的發電子郵件外, 也可以打電話, Fax傳真, 登門拜訪都可以視情況運用聯絡.

Wesley Chesbro（North Coast）
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Mariko Yamada（Southern Sacramento Valley, Wine Country, & North Bay）
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Marc Levine（North Bay）
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Rob Bonta（Central East Bay of the Bay Area）
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Joan Buchanan（East Bay）
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Tom Ammiano（San Francisco）
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Phil Ting（丁右立）（San Francisco & San Mateo County）
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Kevin Mullin（San Francisco Peninsula）
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Rich Gordon（San Francisco Peninsula suburbia into Silicon Valley）
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Bob Wieckowski（East Bay and Silicon Valley）
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Ed Chau（周本立）（San Gabriel Valley）
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Mike Gatto（Eastern end of the San Fernando Valley）
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Al Muratsuchi（South Bay, Beach Cities and the Palos Verdes Peninsula）
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Richard Bloom（West Los Angeles）
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Toni Atkins（San Deigo）
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下麵是請願文章的範例, 發文章時稱呼對方用First Name就可以, 寫自己的名字的時候最好是First Name+Last Name, 這樣看起來比較正式有力.

Dear XXX,

I hereby urge you to vote NO to SCA-5! As SCA-5 will roll back the clock to the days when students were discriminated against based on their race. SCA-5 hide under the disguise of equal opportunity. However SCA-5 is in fact the antithesis of equal opportunity as it demands equal outcomes. But true equity demands fair outcomes for all. The injustice of disparities in any population is when equity is diminished. It is communism in essence since resources are to be divided equally. It will destroy the incentive to excel and compete and drag down U.S. competitiveness in the long run.

Lawmakers need to work on bills which applies to everyone regardless of their race for improvements in the quality of education for poor communities or for closing the gap where students have underachieved. What messages are we sending to our children that they should be treated differently because of their race, instead of their efforts and qualifications?

Therefore I strongly urge you to fight against SCA-5. I have a dream, do you? Everyone in our community will pay close attention to this matter.

Thank you,
XXX

Dear XXX:

Please vote "NO" on SCA-5. This bill is to include race as a factor to provide preference in college admissions. I firmly believe that this is against the fundamental principles of U.S. law and the American legal system. All men are equal regardless of race.

Therefore, I strongly urge you to vote NO on this matter. Your vote is very important to everyone in our community.

Thank you,
XXX

Dear XXX,

Please vote "NO" on SCA-5. SCA-5 proposed using race as a factor in college admissions. I urge you to fight against SCA-5. Just as Martin Luther King, Jr. said 41 years ago, no children should be judged by the color of their skin, but by the content of their character. Your child（ren）deserve this dream. Every American child deserves this dream. Don't you agree? It is about right or wrong. This is where the difference comes between a politician and a statesman/woman.

It's your choice which side you're on. I have a dream, do you? The people who shares the same dream as Martin Luther King, Jr. will remember your choice. They will decide who they vote for, who they send money to, and who they canvass for.

Best regards,
XXX

Dear XXX,

Please vote "NO" on SCA-5. It is pure racism! My kids future is as important as anyone's kids. Why two individuals at the same level of education might differ in their college admissions? What century do we live in? This is supposedly a country that believes in equality.

I strongly urge you to fight against SCA-5. Otherwise, no more votes and donations from me and all my relatives and friends for you or any Democrats. Everyone in our community will pay close attention to this issue.

Respectfully,
XXX

Dear XXX,

Please vote "NO" on SCA-5. Objection to any law that allow any discrimination against, or granting preferential treatment to, any individual or group on the basis of race in the operation of public education. Racial discrimination is wrong, whichever way it goes, in whatever name. If diversity is the point of preferences, why only in college admissions? Why not in the recruitment process of government agencies? in entertainment, in sports...

I strongly urge you to fight against SCA-5. All men are equal regardless of race. Otherwise, no more votes and donations from me and all my relatives and friends for you or any Democrats. Everyone in our community will pay close attention to this issue.

Best regards,
XXX

Dear XXX,

Please vote "NO" on SCA-5. I am impressed that this clear violation of constitutional law could even pass the senate! What are senators doing? How do we explain to our children that what they've been taught on equal opportunity is no longer true. It has been amended. Martin Luther King, Jr. said I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character. But it is no longer in accord with reality. Why don't we amend the employment standards after college admissions? So those who are entitled to privileges in admission could automatically get government jobs?

I strongly urge you to fight against SCA-5. All men are equal regardless of race. Otherwise, no more votes and donations from me and all my relatives and friends for you or any Democrats. Everyone in our community will pay close attention to this issue.

Respectfully,
XXX

Dear XXX,

Please vote "NO" on SCA-5. This bill is total racism. What a degradation! It's a waste of public money for those senators working on this nonsense. The rational behind the bill is totally ridiculous. We believe in the right of education for all Californians. California should not enrolled students based on race rather than qualifications.

I strongly urge you to fight against SCA-5. Otherwise, no more votes and donations from me and all my relatives and friends for you or any Democrats. Everyone in our community will pay close attention to this issue.

Respectfully,
XXX

Dear XXX,

Please vote "NO" on SCA-5. "I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin, but by the content of their character."---Martin Luther King, Jr. Do we helping Martin Luther King's dream（which is my dream too）? Do we punish hard working students by racial preferences? Is this the right way to promote better education for California?

I strongly urge you to fight against SCA-5. Otherwise, no more votes and donations from me and all my relatives and friends for you or any Democrats. Everyone in our community will pay close attention to this issue.

Respectfully,
XXX

Dear XXX,

Please vote "NO" on SCA-5. The only barrier for student of any colors for higher education is their work enthusiasm. How about we do the same thing for the State Assembly? Candidate must collect certain amount of votes（scores in S.A.T.）to be qualified, then by using qualified candidates’ race and ethnic background to decide if he/she can become a member of the California State Assembly. Because "We need to ensure that the State Assembly reflects our changing population".

I strongly urge you to fight against SCA-5. Students should be admitted based on merits, not race! Otherwise, no more votes and donations from me and all my relatives and friends for you or any Democrats. Everyone in our community will pay close attention to this issue.

Respectfully,
XXX

Dear XXX,

Please vote NO on SCA 5 as it is a racist bill. It promotes discrimination by judging people based on their race. Admission to any school among other things, should solely based on their own merit and not on their color, race, and etc. I believe preferential treatment based on race in college admission is not the right practice. In addition it violates the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.

I strongly urge you to vote "No" on SCA 5. Students deserve have an equal opportunity in the college admission process regardless of their race. Thank you for listening to the voice of your people.

Respectfully,
XXX

Dear XXX,

Please vote "NO" on SCA-5. This is ridiculous and is so wrong! This is a reverse discrimination. This proposition limits the opportunity of certain kids to attend the University of California because of their races. Higher education should be offered to those who can do it.

I strongly urge you to fight against SCA-5. Students deserve have an equal opportunity in the college admission process regardless of their race. Otherwise, no more votes and donations from me and all my relatives and friends for you or any Democrats. Everyone in our community will pay close attention to this issue.

Best regards,
XXX