射天狼
天弓 神箭
小序
人們使用和食用含鋁物品 例如 白礬
至少有1000多年以上的曆史。
前些年，鋁製品 含鋁物品被傳可能與 引發
神經功能包括 老年性癡呆 即 Alzheimer's disease 奧茨海默氏病
osteomalacia 骨質軟化 和 osteoporosis 骨質疏鬆 等症有關
但
近年的深入研究基本否定了鋁的上述致病性。
白礬作為 淨水劑 和 食物膨發劑 與人們的日常生活最為密切相關
那麽 今天 以後 我們還可以用白礬 淨化水 和 炸油條嗎？
餘下 搜索了 美國食藥局 和 世衛組織有關委員會的官方結論如下：
白礬 在正常小劑量下的食用 是安全的 ！
當然，任何元素和物質的超量濫用都是有毒害的
另外 每人個體病康狀態也須自我考慮在內
不言而喻，需因人而異。
那麽，多少是正常的參考劑量呢？ 讀了下文，您就明白了。
明礬，白礬
ALUMINIUM POTASSIUM SULFATE；
POTASSIUM ALUM；
ALUMINIUM POTASSIUM SULFATE DODECAHYDRATE;
英文稱呼及別稱，三名同一物
又稱 鉀鋁礬、鋁明礬、鉀礬、明礬、生礬，是含有結晶水的硫酸鉀和硫酸鋁的複鹽，化學式為
KAl(SO4)2·12H2O
十二水合硫酸鋁鉀
有抗菌、收斂作用等，可用做中藥，歸肺、脾、肝、大腸經，
明礬還可用於製備鋁鹽、發酵粉、油漆、鞣料、澄清劑、媒染劑、造紙、防水劑等，
還可用於食品添加劑。
溶於水時，起水解作用而生成氫氧化鋁膠狀沉澱。
受熱時失去結晶水而成白色粉末（燒明礬）。
膨化劑
炸油條（餅）或膨化食品時，若在麵粉裏加入小蘇打後，再加入明礬，
則會加快二氧化碳的產生，大大加快了膨化的速度。這樣就可以使油條（餅）
在熱油鍋中一下子就鼓起來，得到香脆可口的油條（餅）了。
用作淨水劑
明礬溶於水後電離產生了Al3 ，Al3 與水電離產生的OHˉ結合生成了氫氧化鋁，
氫氧化鋁膠體粒子帶有正電荷，與帶負電的泥沙膠粒相遇，彼此電荷被中和。
失去了電荷的膠粒，很快就會聚結在一起，粒子越結越大，終於沉入水底。
這樣，水就變得清澈幹淨了。
中國最大產地為浙江溫州蒼南縣礬山鎮礬礦 儲量占世界總量89% ？？
氫氧化鋁 是 治胃病的常用藥，被廣泛應用了至少百年。
危害
明礬中的鋁不是人體需要的微量元素，被人食用後，
過量攝入會影響人體對鐵、鈣等成分的吸收，
食品禁用
中國早在20世紀80年代就曾禁止過鋁製餐具的使用及明礬作為食品添加劑，
中國國家衛計委等五部門規定，從2014年7月1日開始，
饅頭、發糕等麵製品(除油炸麵製品、掛漿用的麵糊、裹粉、煎炸粉外)
不能添加含鋁膨鬆劑硫酸鋁鉀和硫酸鋁銨，也就是俗稱的“明礬”，
複合型膨鬆劑(即泡打粉)的主要成分也是上述兩種物質。
膨化食品中，不再允許使用任何含鋁食品添加劑。
？？？
US-FDA
Select Committee on GRAS Substances (SCOGS) Opinion: Aluminum salts
GRAS Substances = generally regarded as safe substances
一般 總體認為是安全的物質
In the light of the foregoing, the Select Committee concludes that:
- There is no evidence in the available information on aluminum ammonium sulfate, aluminum potassium sulfate, aluminum sodium sulfate, aluminum sulfate, acidic sodium aluminum phosphate, basic sodium aluminum phosphate, and aluminum hydroxide that demonstrates, or suggests reasonable grounds to suspect, a hazard to the public when they are used at levels that are now current or that might reasonably be expected in the future.
- No consumption or biological information is available on aluminum oleate, aluminum palmitate, sodium aluminate, and sodium phosphoaluminate. However, there are no reasonable grounds to suspect a hazard to the public when they are consumed at the levels that are likely if these substances should migrate from paper and paperboard used as food packaging materials; or that might reasonably occur when they are used for this purpose in the future.
Aluminum salts
| GRAS Substance | ID Code | 21 CFR Section |
|---|---|---|
| Aluminum ammonium sulfate | 7784-26-1 | 182.1127 |
| Aluminum hydroxide | 21645-51-2 | 182.90 |
| Aluminum oleate (packaging) | 688-37-9 | |
| Aluminum palmitate (packaging) | 555-35-1 | |
| Aluminum potassium sulfate | 7784-24-9 | 182.1129 |
| Aluminum sodium sulfate | 7784-28-3 | 182.1131 |
| Aluminum sulfate | 10043-01-3 | 182.1125 |
| Sodium aluminate (packaging) | 11138-49-1 | |
| Sodium aluminum phosphate, acidic | 7785-88-8 | 182.1781 |
| Sodium aluminum phosphate, basic | 7785-88-8 | 182.1781 |
| Sodium phosphoaluminate (packaging) | 11138-49-1 |
SCOGS Opinion:
Aluminum and its salts are found in varying amounts in nearly all foods. In addition to the aluminum occurring
naturally in foods, man can be exposed to the aluminum added to foods, to that in aluminum antacids he may take,
and to that from aluminum cooking vessels. It has been estimated that the daily aluminum intake for man from
all dietary sources can range from 10 to 100 mg per day and that of this amount, the intake from aluminum
compounds added to food may average about 20 mg per day, about 75 percent of which is in the form of
sodium aluminum phosphate. In relation to body weight, these amounts are less than those needed to
produce toxic responses in experimental animals. It should be noted, however, that this amount may
be considerably increased by the consumption of aluminum-containing antacids.
When aluminum salts are ingested in excessive amounts, their toxicity appears to be associated with
interference in phosphorus metabolism resulting in rachitic or osteomalacic effects, kidney damage, and
interference with glucose metabolism, apparently due to interference with phosphorylating enzymes.
These effects are reduced and controlled by maintaining sufficient phosphorus in the diet and are exacerbated
by kidney dysfunction.
Clearly, dietary phosphorus level is a controlling factor, and care should be taken by patients with kidney
disease when consuming food containg high levels of aluminum salts. The high intake of phosphorus in
the American diet may provide a protective effects, especially in persons who consume large amounts of
aluminum antacid preparations that do not contains phosphorus. However, since high phosphate intakes
cannot be assured for specific individuals at all times, and since there is some evidence that persons with
kidney disease may be at risk, appropriate labeling or other means to indicate the possibility of such
hazards may warrant consideration.
The Select Committee has found no relevant toxicologic studies on aluminum oleate, aluminum palmitate,
sodium aluminate, and sodium phosphoaluminate (substances that may migrate to food from paper
packaging materials). But the nature of the inorganic compounds at least does not suggest that,
ingested in such small amounts, they would have a different effect than the other aluminum compounds
considered in this report, all of which exhibit low orders of toxicity. Even in the absence of direct evidence,
it cannot be concluded that the use of any of these compounds in packaging materials would have
any likelihood of being hazardous.
https://www.fda.gov/food/ingredientspackaginglabeling/gras/scogs/ucm260848.htm
世衛組織
Evaluations of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA)
