正文
者：胡庚申 申雲楨（清華大學外語係，北京 100084）
一、引 言
科學論文的寫作在常用句型、用語方麵有一定的規律可循。掌握這些基本規律，寫作論文時可收到事半功倍的效果。那麽，常用的句型、句式怎樣分類比較科學?通常用到的句式為哪些類型?各種類型又有哪些基本表達方法? 所有這些問題，都擬在本文內例述和研討。
為什麽要掌握分類句式用語呢？
- 有利於避免不必要的重複。許多有用的句型，通常出現在科學論文的不同部分，如表示研究目的用語，不僅在論文摘要中用到，而且在引言、討論、甚至結論等部分都會用到。如果我們在講述怎樣寫作各部分時都列舉類似的用語，勢必造成重複、贅述。現在把它們集中起來分類例述，就能避免不必要的重複。
- 掌握分類句式用語有利於比較地道、規範的英語表達。把英美人寫作論文時的句式用語集中地進行分類選擇，有利於廣大專業技術人員和研究生們學習、模仿比較地道、規範的英語表達，有利於節約時間，避免費力耗時地造出“蹩腳的”、甚至“中國式”的英語表達。
- 掌握分類句式用語有利於寫作中的多樣化表達。把表達相同或相似概念的不同表達方式集中分類，便於寫作中選擇、比較，有利於交替使用不同的句型，避免句式單調、用詞單一，實現表達多樣。
- 掌握分類句式用語也符合科學論文的寫作規律。因為常用的句型是寫作中客觀存在的，它們的使用已基本上格式化，而且使用的頻率又很高，所以對常用的句式用語進行科學的分類，是一件有實用意義的工作。
至於怎樣分類，這主要是從兩個方麵考慮。
- 從邏輯思維角度考慮。人們總是首先提出問題，然後分析和解決問題，最後得出結果或結論。這可以看作是解決問題的一種“模式”。這種“模式”，也可作為我們分類選擇句式用語時的指導思想。
- 從寫作程式角度考慮。任何一篇科學論文的寫作，大都要：①指出其研究的目的，②限定其討論的範圍，③說明其理論的依據，④描述其實驗的步驟，⑤介紹其工作的方法，⑥展示其研究的結果，⑦作出科學的評價等。這種基本“程式”，正是我們分類選擇句式用語的實踐依據。
鑒於上述，我們在本文內對科學論文寫作中常用的句式用語進行了分類，並選擇了240餘條例句供參考。
俗語說：“熟讀唐詩三百首，不會作詩也會吟”。我們深信，掌握英語科學論文寫作中常用的句式用語，無疑會有助於科學論文的寫作。
二、“指出目的”的句式用語
主要用場
指出研究目的句型在英語科學論文中反複出現，這類句型用語比較集中地使用在論文的摘要、引言、討論、結論等部分。指出研究目的的常用表達有：“本文的主要目的……”，“該項工作主要是關於……”，“該項工作的主要目的是……”，“該項研究的主要目的是……”，“該項實驗主要是為了……”等等。
常用句式
（1）本文的主要目的是……
- The purpose of this paper is…
- The primary goal of this research is…
- The intention of this paper is to survey…
- The overa11 objective of this study is…
- In this paper,… was provided (given，i11ustrated)
- Our goal has been to provide…
- In this paper，we aim at…
- The emphasis of this study lies in…
（2）該項工作是關於……
- The present work is concerned with the processes underlying…
- The above work deals with the mechanism involved in…
- Our work at present is devoted to the changes occurring in…
- The work we have done bears on the effects produced by…
- The work we are doing is closely related to the deliberations described in ．
- Compared with the current research, the previous work was in connection with the investigation made by…
- The work presented in this paper focuses on several aspects of the following…
- The authors are now initiating some experimental investigation to establish…
- Our studies were performed to determine the amount of…
- The problem we have outlined deals largely with the study of…
（3）該項工作的主要目的是…
- The chief aim of the present work is to investigate the features of …
- The main purpose of our recent work was to examine the properties of…
- The major object of their further work will be research into the nature of…
- Our work in this direction has been intended to provide some information about…
- The work which is being done now is designed to find some solution to the problem of…
- Work of this kind has been started in order to assess the role of …
- Previous work in this area was initiated in the hope of obtaining data in…
- We did this work hoping to establish…
- The authors undertook the work with a view to show…
- By doing this work we expect(ed) to demonstrate…
- Doing this joint work, we intend(ed) to show…
- The primary objective of our work was to define the reasons for redundant protection systems and give examples of systems used in …
- With research of many years, the author’s endeavour is to explain why in…
- The above-mentioned work has been performed with a view of …
（4）該項研究的主要目的是 …
- The chief aim of the present study is to find out…
- The primary object of this fundamental research will be to reveal the cause of …
- The main objective of our investigation has been to obtain some knowledge of…
- The study of …was made in order to clarify…
- The above study has been carried out to determine…
- Their(pioneer)studies were intended to elucidate…
- Those earlier investigations are in hopes of providing evidence for…
- We performed this present study in the hope that we might bring to light some facts about…
- The authors attempted their studies in order that they might…
- We undertook the above study to the end that we might…
- They initiated the present study so that they might…
- Carrying out this study we hope to find out…
- Performing these studies the author intended to reveal…
- With recent research, the author intends to outline the framework of…
（5）該項實驗主要是為了
- We made these experiments in order to show a correlation between…
- The author attempted the set of experiment with a view to demonstrate certain phenomena…
- Experiments on…were made in order to measure the amount of…
- Experiments involving…have been carried out to determine…
- Experiments using this technique are (not )under way test(check) …
- Experiments on…are made to answer the question whether…
- The experiment being made by our research group is aimed at obtaining the result of…
- We have designed such an experiment for the purpose of …
三、“限定範圍”的句式用語
主要用場
限定主題範圍的句式用語，在英文科學論文中常出現在“引言”和“討論”中。限定主題範圍時的常用表達有：“該問題是關於……的研究”，“該問題在……範圍之內（外）”，“該問題涉及到……範圍”，“該問題可進一步推廣到……範圍”等等。
常用句式
（1）該問題是關於……的研究
- This problem is concerned (chiefly)with the study of…
- The problem of …deals (largely)with the determination of …
- The problem they have advanced bears on the elucidation of …
- The problem to be discussed in this paper is related closely with…
- The problem described previously was directed to the example of…, which differs from…
- The problem under investigation involves some significant agreements and disagreements in…
（2）這是研究……的問題
- The problem concerned with the nature of…
- The problem relating to the influence of…
- The problem which deals with the role of…
- The problem which bears on the effect of…
- The problem in connection with…
- The problem as mentioned previously in…
（3）該問題在……範圍之內（外）
- The problem is within the scope of …
- Our problem lies beyond the range of …
- The problem you have just outlined seems to be outside of the province of…
- The problem the authors have raised goes off the limits of…
- The problem I have referred to falls within the field of…
- The problem under discussion is not within the scope of…
（4）該項研究涉及到……範圍
- Studies of these effects cover(ed)various aspects of……
- Investigations on…involve(d) also specific situations.
- Our studies with this technique are confined to one particular aspect.
- More recent studies by this worker were chiefly concerned with the influence of…
- The research on the conventional techniques explains well the phenomenon of
- The new findings from the experiment agree to the result obtained in…
（5）該研究進一步推廣到……範圍
- The authors have extended their studies to some other related species.
- We hope to expand our investigations to include other materials.
- The research we have done deserves further studies.
- The investigation carried out by the experts suggests an increase of the application in …
- The approach under study predicates a wider range of application.
四、“說明理論”的句式用語
1. 主要用場
說明有理論根據的句式用語，在英語科學論文中常出現在引言、實驗描述及討論等部分。說明理論根據時常用表達如下：“該理論是……提出來的”，“該理論的內容（特點）是……”；“根據該理論，可以得出……”，“該理論認為 ……”，“應用該理論能（或不能）說明……”等等。
2. 常用句式
（1）該理論是……提出來的
- The theory of…was created 50 years ago
- The alternative theory was constructed in 50’s.
- The theory of…was developed in the 1930’s…
- The theory of…was elaborated in the early 70’s.
- The theory of…was formulated as early as 1900.
- The theory of…was advanced as long ago as the 1860’s.
- The theory of…was put forward as far back as 1897.
- The theory of…was proposed last year.
- The theory of…was suggested the year before last year.
（2）該理論的內容（特點）是……
- Underlying this theory is the idea that…
- The underlying concept of this theory is…
- The underlying principle of the theory is as follows…
- This is an alternative theory that…
- This is a similar theory to the effect that …
- This is a working theory which is based on the idea that…
- A basic feature of this theory is …
- The fundamental feature of this theory is as follows.
- The theory is characterized by…
- …prove to be the outstanding features of the theory.
（3）根據該理論，可得出……
- According to B’s theory both processes occur simultaneously.
- As follows from the theory by N, such situations lead to…
- As can be seen from the theory and theory advanced by…such interactions are the basis of…
- In the light of the theory ,we have developed a variation method to handle such problems.
- Based on the theory, the author has obtained sufficient information from recent experiments with…
（4）該理論認為…
- The kinetic theory holds that…
- This newly-developed theory maintains that…
- The theory advanced by…claims that…
- The theory of …predicts that…
- The principal concept of the theory lies in…
- The investigating theory…
（5）應用該理論（不）能說明……
- We can interpret these findings in terms of the above theory.
- We cannot explain these phenomena using the above theory.
- We can hardly explain these findings applying this theory.
- These findings can be interpreted in terms of the above theory.
- Such phenomena cannot be explained on the basis of this theory.
- The theory can (not) apply to other cases of…
- The theory developed by…is valid (invalid)for other species.
- X’s theory proved to be true for all steps of…
- The above theory has been verified by many other authors.
- This very peculiar theory can be applied to a wider range of experiments in …
五、“描述實驗”的句式用語
1. 主要用場
描述實驗過程的句式用語，顧名思義常用在與實驗有關的段落之中。描述實驗情況時的常用表達為“該項實驗具體包括……”，“到……，從未有過該項實驗研究”，“進行該項實驗，以便檢驗……”，“該項實驗證實（未能證實），……”等等。
2. 常用句式
（1）某項實驗（所用設備）包括……
- The experiment consisted of three steps, which are described in Table 3.
- The test equipment which was used consisted of five force-measuring transducers and two recording instruments furnished by…
- Included in the experiment were a high- pressure vessel assembly, 2 UA –3 uranium 5
analyzers, and a complete 100*50*50 cm soil bin. - All high-pressure hydrogen creep rupture tests were carried out in specially designed high pressure equipment rated at…
- The winch is composed of the following main parts: a welded frame, a safety-brake clutch, a chain drum and a worn reducing gear.
（2）到……，從未有過某方麵的實驗
- An experiment of the kind has not been made.
- The kind of experiment you have in mind has never been carried out until now.
- The kind of experiment you mentioned would not be undertaken in the near future.
- So far we have not performed any experiment of this kind.
- Until now the authors have not attempted any field experiments of…
- Researches on the mobility of ions in neutral gases began more than 75 years ago, but very accurate data obtained through actual experiments have not appeared as yet.
- …However, no direct experimental measurements of this have been reported.
（3）進行該項實驗，以檢驗……
- We (have)carried out several sets of experiments to test the validity of…
- They undertook many experiments to support the hypothesis which…
- We initiated experiments to prove…
- They have undertaken special experiments to disprove…
- A number of experiments were performed to check…
- Many studies have to be attempted to verify…
- More than one set of experiments must be initiated to substantiate…
（4）某項實驗證實（未能證實）……
- Experiments by M and his associates (have) showed…
- Recent experiments in this area (have) suggested that…
- The present series of experiments (have) indicate(d) that…
- The experiments reported here (have) demonstrate (d)
- These experiments involving…confirm(ed) our evidence that…
- Our experiments with…failed to prove…
- These highly-technical experiments support(ed) our assumption that…
- Our initial experiment confirms that the choice of concept is correct.
- The above-mentioned experiment has proved the newly –developed technique is very reliable.
- This conclusion is also supported by the experiment as has been described previously.
六、“介紹方法”的句式用語
1. 主要用場
介紹研究（實驗）方法的句式用語，在英語科學論文中常見於摘要（資料型摘要）、引言、實驗描述及建議等部分，介紹研究方法時的常用表達如：“該方法首先由……發明（使用）”，“該方法與其他方法有 ……差別”，“應用該方法可以進行……工作”，“該方法稱為……”，“使用該方法已獲得……”等。
2. 常用句式
（1）該方法首先由……發明（利用）
- The method of … was first developed by N.
- The method of … was first applied by B.
- The method of … was first used by A in the early XXth century.
- The method of … was first brought into used by C.
- The method of … came into use as long ago as 1920.
- The original proposal of this method was first made and published in 1963.
- The method of making a frequency standard was not invented till the existence of…
（2）該方法與其他方法有……差別
- The method of … does not differ at all the routine one
- The method of we use differs greatly from the one used earlier.
- The method they developed is somewhat different from the conventional one.
- The new technique is quite different from the old one.
- The newly-elaborated technique has something (nothing, little) in common with the one previously used.
- The method of deriving a program described here differs from previous practice in that…
（3）應用該方法可以進行……工作
- The method allows us to demonstrate…
- This technique enables us to observe…
- The above procedure makes it possible to defect…
- This method is capable of providing…
- By the method we are able to investigate the insight of…
- We have adopted the integrated filtering cell approach to miniaturize the prototype.
- The method proves to be useful in…
- The interpretation effects were successfully evaluated by employing AIA.
（4）該方法可稱為（描述為）…
- The method used is known as…
- The technique we applied is referred to as…
- The procedure the followed can be briefly described as …
- The approach adopted extensively is called…
- Since the method was first put in use, we might as well name it as…
（5）用該方法已獲得 ……
- We have obtained this information from recent experiments with…
- Detailed information has been acquisited by the authors using X-ray analysis.
- The researches have recorded valuable data using the newly-developed method.
- The experts in the research center are satisfactory with the experimental results achieved by the application of…
七、“展示結果”的句式用語
1. 主要用場
展示研究結果的句式用語，在英語科學論文中常見於摘要、實驗結果、結果與討論及結論等部分。展示研究結果時常用的表達有：“該項研究結果說明了……”，“根據該項研究結果可以得出……”，“該項工作提供了……結果”，“該項實驗取得了……結果”，“……概括了該項結果”等。
2. 常用句式
（1）該項研究說明（指出、揭示）了……
- The studies we have performed show(ed) that these particles are responsible for …
- These pioneer studies that the authors attempted have indicated marked variations in…
- We carried out several studies which have demonstrated that the substance acts on …
- The research we have done suggests an increase in…
- The investigation carried out by…has revealed no resistance of…
- Our research has supported the assumption that…
- Their studies have confirmed the opinion that…
- This research bore out the idea that…
- Laboratory studies of…did not furnish any information about…
- Our research carried out to the same effect failed to reveal any variations in…
- Recent research into the nature of… fails to support the theory that…
- Most recent studies showed no changes in…
- Further research reveals no evidence of…
- All our preliminary results throw light on the nature of…
（2）根據該項實驗結果可得出……
- More recent experiments in this area lead us to conclude that the phenomenon is related to …
- Most recent experiments to the same effect have led the authors to believe that the mechanism is out of action.
- Further experiments in this area have enabled these workers to suggest that…
- As a result of our experiments, we concluded that…
- From our experiments, the authors came to realize that…
- From these experiments one can conclude that…
（3）該項工作提供了（沒有得出）……結果
- This fruitful work gives explanation of…
- Their fundamental work provides some knowledge of …
- The author’s pioneer work has contributed to our present understanding of…
- This joint work of many years has led to further progress in…
- Our integrated work of the past few years adds to our current concept of…
- The research work has brought about a discovery of…
- The research by workers (has) result(ed) in a solution of…
- Our work on…(has) failed to give…
- Their initial work with…did not result in…
- This initial work with…did not result in…
- Further work in this field failed to contribute to…
- These findings of the research has led the author to a conclusion that…
（4）該項實驗（研究）取得（沒有取得）……結果
- Some results of…are obtained in the experiment with…
- Sufficient result for…has been observed with the new method…
- Further progress can be provided by these experiments…
- No clear advancement has (so far)been see in…
- No direct outcome was then reported in…
- No such finding could be available in…
- No further result can be found with that technique.
- No experimental evidence has come to the studies of…
（5）某數據（圖、表）總結（概括）了從……得到的……結果
- Figure 3 shows the results obtained form studies of…
- Table 5 presents the data provided by the experiments on…
- This table summarized the data collect during the experiment of …
- The results reported above have been shown in Figure1.
- Our experimental data briefly summarized as follows.
- Some of the authors’ findings are listed in tables.
八、“作出評價”的句式用語
1. 主要用場
研究成果評價的句型用語，在英語科學論文中常見於：摘要，討論及結論等部分。從狹義上講，研究成果評價是論文作者對自己所做工作的評價，從廣義上講，這種評價不僅限於對個人工作的評價，同時也包括作者對別人的評價，提出自己的觀點和見解。作出評價時，肯定和否定是兩種最基本的評價。
2. 常用句式和詞語
- The author’s work on…has been very successful
- Our work involving studies of…did not prove to be encouraging.
- The new information has been insufficient to indicate that the change is dramatic.
- On of the assets of this technique is that it is very simple.
- The theory by…seemed quite competent.
- We consider the new idea quite likely a suitable one
- The data available in literature are quite important.
- The newly-developed method has certain advantages over the existing methods.
- The author has satisfactorily come to a conclusion that…
- These highly-technical experiments failed to provide any correlation between…
- The theory of…did not explain how much modifications arose.
- These findings are not consistent with the current theory.
- The above hypothesis seems rather interesting.
- So far there is not enough convincing evidence showing…
- The data obtained appear to be very similar to those reported earlier by…
- There may be a different approach to the above findings
- Our experimental result does not seem to suggest the following assumptions
利用上述句式，表示肯定評價的形容詞，如：good, satisfactory, competent, convincing ,
adequate, reliable, correct, valid, helpful, fruitful, successful, stimulating, attractive, interesting, promising, exciting, careful;, profound, comprehensive, useful, encouraging, extensive, clear, sufficient, etc.
表示否定評價的形容詞，如：deficient, faulty, inadequate, incomplete, unconvincing, unsatisfactory, meaningless, unreliable, incorrect, wrong, invalid, confusing, inexplicit, contradictory, controversial, divergent, puzzling, conflicting, ambiguous, insufficient, etc.
英語科學論文的寫作句型用詞方麵有一定的規律可循。為了避免不必要的重複，有利於比較地道，規範的英語表達，有助於寫作中的多樣表述，並遵循科學論文的寫作規律，本文對常用句式用語進行分類選擇。根據表達科學研究成果的一般邏輯思維順序和科學論文的結構程式，寫作英語科學論文時常用句型用語可作如下分類：
- 指出研究目的，常用句型用語54條；
- 限定主題範圍，常用句型用語30條；
- 說明理論依據，常用句型用語36條；
- 描述實驗過程，常用句型用語30條；
- 介紹工作方法，常用句型用語 32條；
- 展示 研究結果，常用句型用語46條；
- 作出科學評價，常用句型17條及48個表示肯定或否定的形容詞。
實踐表明，集中掌握這些常用的型用語，對於寫好英語科學論文大有裨益。
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