甜菊——香草——芹菜根，香菜（芫荽）根，薄荷，甜菊 (圖)

芹菜根，香菜（芫荽）根，薄荷，甜菊

Celery root is used widely in Europe in soups, salads and stir-fry.

芹菜根在歐洲使用廣泛湯水、沙律、快炒.

It is high in silicon and is used to treat high blood pressure.它是高矽用於治療血壓高. Rolled in a sheet of toasted nori adds flavor, texture, color, many essential minerals and is fun to eat.

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Stevia甜菊
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia從維基、百科免費
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i Stevia我甜菊


A young Stevia rebaudiana plant一位年輕甜菊廠
Scientific classification科學分類
Kingdom:王國: Plantae植物界

Division:師: Magnoliophytamagnoliophyta

Class:班: Magnoliopsidamagnoliopsida

Order:命令: Asteralesasterales

Family:家庭: Asteraceae菊

Genus:記述: Stevia甜菊


Species物種
About 150 species, including:約150種,其中包括:
Stevia eupatoria甜菊eupatoria
Stevia ovata甜菊卵形
Stevia plummerae甜菊plummerae
Stevia rebaudiana甜菊
Stevia salicifolia甜菊繡線
Stevia serrata甜菊齒

Stevia (also called sweetleaf , sweet leaf or sugarleaf ) is a genus of about 150 species of herbs and shrubs in the sunflower family ( Asteraceae ), native to subtropical and tropical South America and Central America .甜菊(又稱甜葉菊、甜葉或sugarleaf)是屬約150種草藥、灌木的向日葵家族(菊)本土亞熱帶和熱帶南美和中美洲. As a sweetener, stevia's sweet taste has a slower onset and longer duration than that of sugar, although some of its extracts may have a bitter or liquorice -like aftertaste at high concentrations.作為甜味劑、甜菊的甜頭,也較長,發病較慢,比糖雖然有些可能有慘痛或其提取甘草般回味濃度高.

With its extracts having up to 300 times the sweetness of sugar , stevia has garnered attention with the rise in demand for low-carbohydrate , low- sugar food alternatives.它具有高達300倍提取甜頭糖甜菊引起注意的需求上升低碳水化合物、低糖食物替代. Stevia also has shown promise in medical research for treating such conditions as obesity [1] and high blood pressure .甜菊醫學研究還表明許諾的條件治療肥胖、血壓高[1]. [2] [3] Stevia has negligible effect on blood glucose , therefore it is attractive as a natural sweetener to diabetics and others on carbohydrate -controlled diets.[2][3]甜菊影響極為輕微血糖,因此對糖尿病有吸引力作為天然甜味劑等碳水化合物控製飲食. However, health and political controversies have limited stevia's availablility in many countries; for example, the United States banned it in the early 1990s.然而,有限的衛生和政治爭議甜菊的availablility在許多國家;例如,美國取締年代初. Stevia is widely used as a sweetener in Japan , and it is now available in the US and Canada as a food supplement , although not as a food additive .甜菊作為甜味劑廣泛應用於日本、現已在美國及加拿大作為補充食品,雖然不是作為食品添加劑.

Contents目錄 [hide]
1 History and use一月史及使用
2 Controversies二月爭議
2.1 Health controversy二月一日生爭議
2.2 Political controversy二月二日政治爭議
2.3 Availability2月3日可供使用
3 Names in other countries三月在其他國家名稱
4 See also4見也
5 Notes and references5注和參考資料
6 Further reading六月進一步閱讀
7 External links七月對外聯係



[ edit ] History and use[編輯]曆史和使用
For centuries, the Guaraní Native Americans of Paraguay and Brazil used Stevia species, primarily S. rebaudiana which they called ka'a he'ê ("sweet herb"), as a sweetener in yerba mate and medicinal teas for treating heartburn and other ailments.千百年來,巴拉圭和巴西瓜拉尼印第安人使用甜菊物種,主要甜菊它們稱為ka'ahe'ê("甜藥"),作為甜味劑、藥用茶友們在三藩市治療心及其他病症.

In 1931 , two French chemists isolated the glycosides that give stevia its sweet taste.1931年,兩名法國化學家讓孤立的甜菊苷其味甘. [4] These extracts were named stevioside and rebaudioside .[4]這些被命名提取甜菊糖並萊鮑迪甙. These compounds are 250–300 times sweeter than sucrose (ordinary table sugar), heat stable, pH stable, and non- fermentable .這些化合物是比蔗糖甜250倍(普通食糖表)、熱穩定,pH值穩定,非發酵. [5][5]

In the early 1970s, Japan began cultivating stevia as an alternative to artificial sweeteners such as cyclamate and saccharin , suspected carcinogens .在70年代初期,日本開始栽培甜菊作為替代人工甘味、糖精等甜蜜素懷疑致癌物. The plant's leaves, the aqueous extract of the leaves, and purified steviosides are used as sweeteners.該廠葉、水葉提取、純化steviosides用作甜味劑. Stevia sweeteners have been produced commercially in Japan since 1977 and are widely used in food products, soft drinks (including Coca Cola [6] ), and for table use.甜菊糖在日本已經製作商業自1977產品廣泛應用於食品、飲料(含可口可樂[6]),並提交使用. Japan currently consumes more stevia than any other country; there, stevia accounts for 40% of the sweetener market.目前日本消費比其他任何國家更甜菊;目前,占40%的甜菊糖市場.

Today, stevia is cultivated and used in food elsewhere in east Asia, including in China (since 1984), Korea , Taiwan , Thailand , and Malaysia .今天是甜菊栽培及東亞其他食品中使用,包括在中國(1984年以來),韓國,台灣泰國和馬來西亞. It can also be found in Saint Kitts and Nevis , in part of South America (Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay ) and in Israel .也可以發現聖基茨和尼維斯,南美洲部分(巴西、巴拉圭、烏拉圭)和以色列. China is the world's largest exporter of stevioside.中國是世界上最大的出口國甜菊糖.

Stevia species are found in the wild in semi-arid habitats ranging from grassland to mountain terrain.甜菊物種在野外發現半幹旱草原棲息地山地地形不等. Stevia does produce seeds , but only a small percentage of them germinate .甜菊是否產生種子,但隻有少數人發芽. Planting cloned stevia is a more effective method of reproduction.甜菊種植是一種比較有效的方法克隆複製.


[ edit ] Controversies[編輯]爭議

Steviol is the basic building block of stevia's sweet glycosides : Stevioside and rebaudioside A are constructed by replacing the bottom hydrogen atom with glucose and the top hydrogen atom with two or three linked glucose groups, respectively.甜菊糖是基本的建築砌塊甜菊的甜甙:一、建萊鮑迪甙甜菊糖取代底部和頂部葡萄糖與氫原子與氫原子連接兩個或三個糖集團,分別
[ edit ] Health controversy[編輯]生爭議
A 1985 study reported that steviol, a breakdown product from stevioside and rebaudioside (two of the sweet steviol glycosides in the stevia leaf) is a mutagen in the presence of a liver extract of pre-treated rats [7] — but this finding has been criticized on procedural grounds that the data were mishandled in such a way that even distilled water would appear mutagenic. [8] More recent animal tests have shown mixed results in terms of toxicology and adverse effects of stevia extract, with some tests finding steviol to be a weak mutagen [9] while others find no safety issues.一項研究報告說,1985年甜菊糖,按產品、萊鮑迪甙甜菊糖(甜菊糖甙兩人的甜蜜在甜菊葉)是一種突變的存在肝髒提取預處理老鼠[7]但這項發現已在程序為由,批評數據不好,即使這樣看來誘變蒸餾水.[8]近期動物試驗結果表明,在混合毒物不利影響甜菊提取、一些試驗發現甜菊糖是弱誘變[9]有的找不到安全問題. [10] Although more recent studies appear to establish the safety of stevia, government agencies have expressed concerns over toxicity, citing a lack of sufficient conclusive research.[10]盡管最近的研究更顯得樹立甜菊安全,政府機關也關注毒性引用缺乏足夠確鑿的研究. [11] [12][11][12]

Whole foods proponents draw a distinction between consuming (and safety testing) only parts, such as stevia extracts and isolated compounds like stevioside, versus the whole herb.整個食品消費主張區分隻是部分(安全測試)、例如甜菊提取物如甜菊糖、孤立,對整個藥草. In his book Healing With Whole Foods , Paul Pitchford cautions, "Obtain only the green or brown [whole] stevia extracts or powders; avoid the clear extracts and white powders, which, highly refined and lacking essential phyto-nutrients, cause imbalance".書中愈合整個食品保羅pitchford告誡、"隻有獲得綠褐色或粉或摘錄[整]甜菊;避免明確提取白色粉末,它精致、缺乏必需植物養分,造成不平衡". However, this statement is not backed by published scientific evidence, other than the general findings about refined foods being less beneficial.但是,這種說法是沒有科學證據支持出版、除了一般的結果大約少有益的食物成品.

In 2006, the World Health Organization (WHO) performed a thorough evaluation of recent experimental studies of stevioside and steviols conducted on animals and humans, and concluded that " stevioside and rebaudioside A are not genotoxic in vitro or in vivo and that the genotoxicity of steviol and some of its oxidative derivatives in vitro is not expressed in vivo.2006年,世界衛生組織(衛生組織)最近進行了一個詳細的評估和實驗研究甜菊糖steviols進行動物和人體結論是:"一不萊鮑迪甙甜菊糖、遺傳或體內體外的遺傳毒性和它的一些甜菊糖氧化衍生物體外體內並非表示. " [13] The report also found no evidence of carcinogenic activity."[13]該報告還發現沒有證據致癌活性. Furthermore, the report noted that " stevioside has shown some evidence of pharmacological effects in patients with hypertension or with type-2 diabetes " [13] but concluded that further study was required to determine proper dosage.此外,報告指出,"一些證據顯示甜菊糖藥效高血壓患者或2型糖尿病的"[13],但結論是進一步研究才能確定正確的劑量.

Indeed, millions of Japanese people have been using stevia for over thirty years with no reported or known harmful effects.事實上,數百萬的日本人已超過30年使用甜菊無報或已知有害影響. Similarly, stevia leaves have been used for centuries in South America spanning multiple generations in ethnomedical tradition as a treatment of type II diabetes .同樣,甜菊葉已使用數百年,橫跨南美洲多代ethnomedical作為傳統治療II型糖尿病.


[ edit ] Political controversy[編輯]政治爭議
In 1991 , at the request of an anonymous complaint, the United States Food and Drug Administration labeled stevia as an "unsafe food additive" and restricted its import.1991年,在要求匿名的投訴,美國食品及藥物管理局標記甜菊作為"不安全食品添加劑",它的進口限製. The FDA's stated reason was "toxicological information on stevia is inadequate to demonstrate its safety."在FDA的理由是說:"關於甜菊毒性不足以證明其安全" [14] This ruling was controversial, as stevia proponents pointed out that this designation violates the FDA's own guidelines, under which any natural substance used prior to 1958 with no reported adverse effects should be generally recognized as safe (GRAS) .[14]這一裁決爭議,甜菊倡議者指出,這違背了FDA的指定自己的準則,根據1958年以前任何天然藥物無不良影響,應報公認安全(生鮮).

Stevia occurs naturally, requiring no patent to produce it.甜菊發生自然,無需出示專利. As a consequence, since the import ban in 1991, marketers and consumers of stevia have shared a belief that the sweetener industry pressured the FDA to keep stevia out of the United States.如此一來,即使在1991年以來的進口禁令,行銷和消費者都有一種信仰,甜菊糖甜菊產業不斷施壓林業局進出美國. Arizona congressman Jon Kyl , for example, called the FDA action against stevia "a restraint of trade to benefit the artificial sweetener industry." [15] To date, the FDA has never revealed the source of the original complaint in its responses to requests filed under the Freedom of Information Act .亞利桑那州眾議員jon體,例如,FDA的行動稱為甜菊"貿易限製人工甜味劑行業受益."[15]迄今為止,FDA的源泉從未透露其在原申訴請求作出反應的資訊自由法.

The FDA requires proof of safety before recognizing a food additive as safe.FDA的安全需要證明的食品添加劑才確認其安全. A similar burden of proof is required for the FDA to ban a substance or label it unsafe .類似的規定舉證林業局取締物質或不安全的帽子. Nevertheless, stevia remained banned until after the 1994 Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act forced the FDA in 1995 to revise its stance to permit stevia to be used as a dietary supplement , although not as a food additive — a position that stevia proponents regard as contradictory because it simultaneously labels stevia as safe and unsafe, depending on how it is sold.盡管如此,仍禁甜菊直至1994飲食補充品健康與教育法迫使林業局1995修改為自己的立場,允許甜菊作為膳食補充,但不會作為食品添加劑甜菊支持者視為立場相互矛盾,因為它的標簽同步甜菊安全和不安全,取決於它賣掉. [16][16]


[ edit ] Availability[編輯]供應

Stevia may be grown legally.甜菊可成長合法. Stevia has been grown on an experimental basis in Ontario since 1987 for the purpose of determining the feasibility of growing the crop commercially.甜菊種植的試點已在安大略自1987年定為目的的作物種植商業可行性. In the United States, it is legal to import, grow, sell, and consume Stevia products if contained within or labeled for use as a dietary supplement, but not as a food additive.在美國,這是合法進口,種植、銷售、如果產品和消費甜菊載或標記用作飲食補充劑、但不作為食品添加劑. Stevia has also been approved as a dietary supplement in Australia and Canada .甜菊也被批準為飲食補充劑在澳大利亞和加拿大. In Japan and South American countries, stevia may also be used as a food additive.在日本和南美國家,甜菊還可以用作食品添加劑.

Although unresolved questions remain concerning whether metabolic processes can produce a mutagen from stevia in animals, let alone in humans, the early studies nevertheless prompted the European Commission to ban stevia's use in food in the European Union pending further research.雖然問題仍然懸而未決的代謝過程是否能產生突變,從甜菊動物、更不用說在人類的早期研究盡管如此甜菊促使歐盟委員會禁止使用在食品在歐洲聯盟,有待進一步研究. [17] It is also banned in Singapore and Hong Kong .[17]也是禁止新加坡和香港. [18] More recent data compiled in the safety evaluation released by the World Health Organization in 2006 [13] suggest that these policies may be obsolete.[18]最近公布的數據,在安全性評價由世界衛生組織於2006[13]這些政策建議可能過時.


[ edit ] Names in other countries[編輯]其他國家名稱
Both the sweetener and the stevia plant Stevia rebaudiana bertoni (also known as Eupatorium rebaudianum bertoni ) are known and pronounced as "stévia" in English-speaking countries as well as in France, Germany, Italy, Portugal, and Sweden — although some of these countries also use other terms as shown below.雙方的甜味劑甜葉菊甜菊廠(又名甜葉菊bertoni澤蘭)和已知的筆戰"stévia"在英語國家,以及法國、德國、意大利、葡萄牙、瑞典雖然有些國家還利用職權為其他所示. Similar pronunciations occur in Japan ( sutebia or ステビア in katakana ) , and in Thailand ( satiwia ).讀音類似發生在日本(或sutebiaステア在申報地圖)、泰國(satiwia). In some countries (India, for example) the name translates literally as "sweet leaf."在一些國家(如印度就)字麵上翻譯名稱為"甜葉" Below are some names for the stevia plant in various regions of the world:以下是一些名字為甜菊廠世界各地區:

Afrikaans -speaking countries: heuningblaar (honey leaf)南非英語國家:heuningblaar(蜂蜜頁)
China : 甜菊 ( tian ju – sweet flower), 甜菊葉 ( tian ju ye – stevia leaf)中國:甜菊(田巨甜蜜),甜菊葉(田駒燁甜菊葉)
English-speaking countries : candy leaf, sugar leaf, sweetleaf ( USA ), sweet honey leaf ( Australia ), sweet herb of Paraguay英語國家:葉糖果、糖葉,甜葉菊(美國)、葉甜蜜(澳大利亞)巴拉圭甜藥草
German speaking countries (also Switzerland ): Süßkraut , Süßblatt , Honigkraut德語國家(也是瑞士):süßkraut,süßblatt,honigkraut
Hungary : jázmin pakóca匈牙利:jázminpakóca
India : madhu parani ( Marathi ), madhu patra ( Sanskrit ), seeni tulsi ( Tamil ), madhu patri ( Telugu )印度:madhuparani(馬拉),madhupatra(梵語),seenitulsi(泰米爾)madhuPatri先生(泰盧固)
Italy : piccolo arbusto con foglia dolce意大利:短笛arbusto行騙foglia爾西塔
Japan : アマハステビア ( amaha sutebia )日本:マハアステア申報(amahasutebia)
Portuguese-speaking countries : capim doce , erva doce , estévia ( Brazil ), folhas da stévia葡語國家:capimDoce公司,ervaDoce公司,estévia(巴西)、大stéviafolhas
Spanish-speaking countries : caá-ché , hierba dulce , ka´a he´ê (Guaraníes, Natives of Paraguay ), stevia del norte de Paraguay , yerba dulce西班牙語國家:caá-火箭筒、hierba爾塞,他的'家'ê(瓜拉尼,巴拉圭籍)、北德甜菊del巴拉圭、三藩市爾塞
Thailand : satiwia , หญ้าหวาน ( ya wan , or sweet grass in Bangkok )泰國:satiwia,หญ้าหวาน(亞灣或甜草曼穀)

[ edit ] See also[編輯:又見
Asteraceae菊
Glycoside苷
Sugar substitute食糖替代

[ edit ] Notes and references[編輯]注釋和參考資料
Look up Stevia in Wiktionary , the free dictionary.查看甜菊在wiktionary,免費辭典. ^ PubMed research articles related to treatments of obesity^PubMed係統治療肥胖相關研究文章
^ PubMed research articles on stevia's effects on blood pressure^研究文章甜菊PubMed係統的影響血壓
^ PubMed articles on stevia's use in treating hypertension^文章甜菊PubMed係統的使用治療高血壓
^ Bridel, M.; Lavielle, R. (1931).^德爾夫、米;lavielle、射頻(1931). "Sur le principe sucre des feuilles de kaa-he-e (stevia rebaundiana B)"."樂普蘇克雷surdes葉子十字路口德德卡河娥(甜菊rebaundiana乙)". Academie des Sciences Paris Comptes Rendus (Parts 192): 1123-1125.巴黎科學院還曾comptesrendus(192件):1123年至1125年.
^ Brandle, Jim (2004-08-19).^brandle,吉姆(2004年8月19日). FAQ - Stevia, Nature's Natural Low Calorie Sweetener ( HTML ).常-甜菊,大自然的天然低熱量甜味劑(HTML語言). Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada .農業及農業食品加拿大. Retrieved on 2006 - 11-08 .檢索2006-1911年至2008年.
^ Taylor , Leslie (2005).^泰勒萊斯利(2005). The Healing Power of Natural Herbs .愈合力天然草藥. Garden City Park, NY: Square One Publishers, Inc., (excerpted at weblink).花園城市公園,紐約:一平方出版商公司(摘錄於行銷). ISBN 0-7570-0144-0 .書號0-7570-0144-0.
^ Pezzuto, JM; Compadre CM, Swanson SM, Nanayakkara D, Kinghorn AD (April 1985).^pezzuto、雅可比矩陣;compadre公分,swanson釤、nanayakkara四、kinghorn專案(1985年4月). " Metabolically activated steviol, the aglycone of stevioside, is mutagenic ". Proc Natl Acad Sci U.S.A. 82 (8): 2478-82."甜菊糖代謝活性,對甜菊糖甙,是誘變".*美國科學研究院過程,82(8):2478年至1982年.
^ Procinska, E; Bridges BA, Hanson JR (March 1991).^procinska、電子;橋梁建築、漢森兩人(1991年3月). " Interpretation of results with the 8-azaguanine resistance system in Salmonella typhimurium: no evidence for direct acting mutagenesis by 15-oxosteviol, a possible metabolite of steviol ". Mutagenesis 6 (2): 165-7."解讀結果與8-鳥嘌呤抗性係統沙門氏菌:沒有直接證據行事突變15-oxosteviol,可能代謝甜菊糖".誘變6(2):165-7. – article text is reproduced here .-文章全文轉載.
^ Matsui, M; Matsui K, Kawasaki Y, Oda Y, Noguchi T, Kitagawa Y, Sawada M, Hayashi M, Nohmi T, Yoshihira K, Ishidate M Jr, Sofuni T (November 1996).^四郎,米;四郎鉀、川崎美意官方美意,貴文筆、北川美意射擊米,林間、串行筆、氣泡鉀,ishidate米兩人sofuni筆(1996年11月). " Evaluation of the genotoxicity of stevioside and steviol using six in vitro and one in vivo mutagenicity assays ". Mutagenesis 11 (6): 573-9."甜菊糖的遺傳毒性評價、使用甜菊糖六人體內體外致突變性試驗".誘變11(6):573-9.
^ Klongpanichpak, S; Temcharoen P, Toskulkao C, Apibal S, Glinsukon T (September 1997).^klongpanichpak,收盤;temcharoen磷、toskulkao三、apibal收盤,glinsukon筆(1997年9月). " Lack of mutagenicity of stevioside and steviol in Salmonella typhimurium TA 98 and TA 100 ". J Med Assoc Thai 80 (Suppl 1): S121-8."缺乏致突變性甜菊糖甜菊糖的沙門氏菌及電訊社98和100".醫誌廷軍泰國80(補編1):121-8.
^ European Commission Scientific Committee on Food (June 1999).^歐盟委員會食物科學委員會(1999年6月). Opinion on Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni plants and leaves關於甜葉菊植物葉片
^ Food Standards Agency (August 2000).^食品標準局(2000年8月). FSA note on Stevia and stevioside五味甜菊糖、甜菊注
^ a b c Benford, D.J.; DiNovi, M., Schlatter, J. (2006).一二三benford立方公尺,電力市場;dinovi、米、瑞士蘇萊特,j.(2006). " Safety Evaluation of Certain Food Additives: Steviol Glycosides " ( PDF – 18 MB)."安全評價某些食品添加劑:甜菊糖甙"(以PDF-18甲基溴). WHO Food Additives Series 54 : 140.如食品添加劑係列54:140.
^ Food and Drug Administration (1995, rev 1996, 2005).^食品和藥物管理局(1995,晨曦96,2005). Import Alert #45-06 : "Automatic Detention of Stevia Leaves, Extract of Stevia Leaves, and Food Containing Stevia"1945年至1906年進口警戒#:"自動扣留甜菊葉、甜菊葉提取物、食品含有甜菊"
^ Kyl, John (R-Arizona) (1993).^體約翰(住宅-亞利桑那)(1993年). Letter to former FDA Commissioner David Aaron Kessler about the 1991 stevia import ban.信林業局原處長李大衛亞倫約1991甜菊的進口禁令.
^ McCaleb, Rob (1997).^mccaleb、搶劫(1997年). Controversial Products in the Natural Foods Market ( HTML ).爭議產品的天然食品市場(HTML語言). Herb Research Foundation.草藥研究基金會. Retrieved on 2006 - 11-08 .檢索2006-1911年至2008年.
^ European Commission Scientific Committee on Food (June 1999).^歐盟委員會食物科學委員會(1999年6月). Opinion on Stevioside as a Sweetener關於甜菊糖作為甜味劑
^ Simon LI (Legislative Council Secretariat Research and Library Services Division) (27 March 2002).^西蒙李(立法局秘書處資料研究及圖書館服務部)(2002年3月27日). Fact Sheet: Stevioside概況:甜菊糖

[ edit ] Further reading[編輯]進一步閱讀
Pitchford, Paul (2002).pitchford保羅(2002). Healing With Whole Foods: Asian Traditions and Modern Nutrition (3rd ed.).整個食品愈合:亞洲傳統與現代營養(第三版). Berkeley: North Atlantic Books ( ISBN 1-55643-430-8 ).伯克利:北大西洋書籍(書號1-55643-430-8).
May, James (2003).五月,詹姆斯(2003). The Miracle of Stevia .甜菊奇跡. New York, NY: Twin Stream Books ( ISBN 0-7582-0220-2 ).紐約:孿生溪書籍(書號0-7582-0220-2).
Kirkland, James (1999).卡普蘭詹姆斯(1999年). Sugar-Free Cooking with Stevia .無糖烹飪甜菊. Arlington, TX: Crystal Health Pub.阿靈頓表示TX:水晶衛生酒吧. ( ISBN 1-928906-11-7 ).(書號1-928906-11-7).
Goettomoeller, Jeffrey (1999).goettomoeller,傑弗裏(1999年). Stevia Sweet Recipes: Sugar-Free-Naturally .甜菊甜食譜:無糖-自然. Bloomingdale, IL: Vital Health Pub.bloomingdale、伊爾:久久健康至關重要. ( ISBN 1-890612-13-8 ).(書號1-890612-13-8).
Sahelian, Ray (1999).薩赫勒、射線(1999年). The Stevia Cookbook .甜菊的菜譜. Garden City Park, NY: Avery ( ISBN 0-89529-926-7 ).花園城市公園,紐約:艾維利(書號0-89529-926-7).

[ edit ] External links[編輯]外部連接
SteviaInfo.com - Stevia Research Studies, News, Recipes and Background Informationsteviainfo.com-甜菊研究、新聞、食譜、背景資料
Center for Science in the Public Interest article Stevia: A Bittersweet Tale公共利益科學中心的甜菊文章:酸甜苦辣故事
Center for Science in the Public Interest article公共利益科學中心的文章
Hong Kong Legislative Council Secretariat ( PDF file)香港立法會秘書處(PDF檔案)
Journal review article on Stevia's safety文章回顧journal甜菊的安全
Stevia: Not Ready For Prime Time甜菊:缺乏準備的黃金時間
Stevia - Health and History Information甜菊健康和曆史資料
Multilingual Multi plant name database has terms for the Stevia plant in different languages多種植物名稱數據庫multi甜菊種植條件的不同語言
Article by Daniel Mowrey, Ph.D.文章丹尼爾mowrey、博士 in assoc.在廷軍 with Health Freedom Resources ( http://www.healthfree.com/ ).自由與健康資源(http://www.healthfree.com/).
Cooking With Stevia Blog - Stevia Recipe Blog, Updated Weekly烹飪與甜菊博客-博客甜菊配方,每周更新
Diabetes Health - Article on Stevia and Diabetes.糖尿病保健文章甜菊和糖尿病.



v • d • e●四●五室 Herbs and spices草藥及香料

Herbs草藥 Basil · Bay leaf · Boldo · Borage · Chervil · Chives · Coriander leaf (cilantro) · Curry leaf · Dill · Epazote · Eryngium foetidum (long coriander) · Holy basil · Houttuynia cordata (giấp cá) · Hyssop · Lavender · Lemon grass · Limnophila aromatica (rice paddy her b) · Lovage · Marjoram · Mint · Oregano · Parsley · Perilla · Rosemary · Rue · Sage · Savory · Sorrel · Stevia · Tarragon · Thai basil · Thyme · Vietnamese coriander (rau ram)●羅勒●boldo葉灣chervil●韭菜●●●borage香菜葉(香菜)葉咖喱●●●蘿epazote●芫荽(香菜長)●●聖羅勒魚腥草(giấpcá)●香草薰衣草●●●檸檬草Limnophila aromatica (rice paddy her乙)lovagemarjoram●●●薄荷●牛●香菜局Rue●紫蘇●迷迭香●●●亞聖●香香酸模●甜菊●蒿●羅勒●百裏香●越南泰國香菜(勞公羊)

Spices香料 African pepper · Ajwain (bishop's weed) · Allspice · Amchur (mango powder) · Anise · Asafoetida · Caraway · Cardamom · Cardamom, black · Cassia · Celery seed · Chili · Cinnamon · Clove · Coriander seed · Cubeb · Cumin · Cumin, black · Dill seed · Fennel · Fenugreek · Galangal · Garlic · Ginger · Grains of paradise · Horseradish · Juniper berry · Liquorice · Mace · Mahlab · Mustard, black · Mustard, white · Nigella (kalonji) · Nutmeg · Paprika · Pepper, black · Pepper, green · Pepper, pink · Pepper, white · Pomegranate seed (anardana) · Poppy seed · Saffron · Sarsaparilla · Sassafras · Sesame · Sichuan pepper · Star anise · Sumac · Tamarind · Turmeric · Wasabi · Zedoary●非洲辣椒ajwain(主教雜草芒果)●allspice●amchur(粉)●●八角莖阿魏●●●豆蔻豆蔻、肉桂●黑色●芹菜籽肉桂●辣椒●●●丁香香菜種子孜然●●●蒼孜然、黑●蘿茴香籽●●●香豆良薑●生薑大蒜●●天堂●辣根粒漿果●檜●甘草●噴霧器●mahlab●芥末、芥末●黑色、白色●種草(kalonji)●●辣椒●胡椒豆蔻、黑胡椒●綠色●辣椒,辣椒粉●白色●石榴籽(anardana)●罌粟種子沙土●●●紅花樟芝麻●●●四川辣椒八角南羅●●●漆樹●薑黃莪山葵●

Sweeteners類別:菊科|食品安全|糖|草藥|甜味劑

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