創新基本都是來自英國

British Inventions in Computing

• Analytical engine ^[47] - Sir Charles Babbage


• ACE and Pilot ACE ^[48] - Alan Turing


• ARM architecture The ARM CPU design is the microprocessor architecture of 98% of mobile phones and every smartphone.^[49]


• Bombe ^[48] - Alan Turing


• Colossus computer ^[50] Colossus computers were the first electronic digital programmable computers. They used vacuum tubes and binary representation of numbers - Tommy Flowers


• Difference engine ^[47] - Sir Charles Babbage


• First programmer - Ada Lovelace


• First Programming Language Analytical Engine ordercode - Charles Babbage and Ada Lovelace


• Boolean algebra, the basis for digital logic - George Boole


• World Wide Web ^[51] - Sir Tim Berners-Lee


• Developed HTTP and HTML - Tim Berners-Lee


• Argo system the world's first electrically powered mechanical analogue computer (also called at the Argo Clock) - Arthur Pollen


• Sumlock ANITA calculator the world's first all-electronic desktop calculator - Bell Punch Co


• Sinclair Executive, the world's first small electronic pocket calculator - Sir Clive Sinclair


• O*****orne 1 The first commercially successful portable computer, the precursor to the Laptop computer - Adam O*****orne


• Designed what was the first laptop computer, the GRiD Compass in 1979 - Bill Moggridge


• Heavily involved in the development of the Linux kernel - Andrew Morton & Alan Cox


• Sinclair ZX80, ZX81 and ZX Spectrum - Sir Clive Sinclair


• Flip-flop circuit, which became the basis of electronic memory (Random-access memory) in computers - William Eccles and F. W. Jordan


• Universal Turing machine - The UTM model is considered to be the origin of the "stored program computer" used by John von Neumann in 1946 for his "Electronic Computing Instrument" that now bears von Neumann's name: the von Neumann architecture, also UTM is considered the first operating system - Alan Turing


• The development of packet switching co-invented by British engineer Donald Davies and American Paul Baran - National Physical Laboratory, London England


• The first person to conceptualise the Integrated Circuit - Geoffrey W.A. Dummer


• The first modern computer Manchester Small-Scale Experimental Machine - (SSEM), nicknamed Baby. Was the world's first stored-program computer. Developed by Frederic Calland Williams & Tom Kilburn^[52]


• Williams tube - a cathode ray tube used to electronically store binary data (Can store roughly 500 to 1,000 bits of data) - Freddie Williams & Tom Kilburn


• Manchester Mark 1 Historically significant computer because of its pioneering inclusion of index registers - Freddie Williams and Tom Kilburn


• Autocode regarded as the first ever computer compiler in 1952 for the Manchester Mark 1 computer - Alick Glennie


• Developed the concept of microprogramming from the realisation that the Central Processing Unit (CPU) of a computer could be controlled by a miniature, highly specialised computer program in high-speed ROM - Maurice Wilkes in 1951


• Ferranti Mark 1 - Also known as the Manchester Electronic Computer was the first computer to use the principles of early CPU design (Central processing unit) - Freddie Williams and Tom Kilburn - Also the world's first successful commercially available general-purpose electronic computer.


• The oldest known recordings of computer generated music were played by the Ferranti Mark 1 computer - Christopher Strachey


• EDSAC was the first complete, fully functional computer to use the von Neumann architecture, the basis of every modern computer - Maurice Wilkes


• EDSAC 2 the successor to the Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator or EDSAC. It was the first computer to have a microprogrammed (Microcode)control unit and a bit slice hardware architecture - Team headed by Maurice Wilkes


• The first graphical computer game OXO on the EDSAC at Cambridge University - A.S. Douglas


• The world's first computer game with 3D graphics - Elite Developed by David Braben and Ian Bell in 1984


• Metrovick 950 was the first commercial transistor computer built in 1959 - Metropolitan-Vickers company


• LEO Made history by running the first business application (payroll system) on an electronic computer in 1951 for J. Lyons and Co - Maurice Wilkes


• Atlas Computer, it was arguably the world's first supercomputer and was the fastest computer in the world until the release of the American CDC 6600 Also This machine introduced many modern architectural concepts: spooling, interrupts, pipelining, interleaved memory, virtual memory and paging - Team headed by Tom Kilburn


• The world's first web browser called WorldWideWeb that ran on the NeXTSTEP platform. It was later renamed Nexus to avoid confusion with the World Wide Web - Sir Tim Berners-Lee


• Digital audio player (MP3 Player) - Kane Kramer


• Touchpad Pointing device - First developed for Psion PLC's Psion MC 200/400/600/WORD Series in 1989


• Co-Inventor of the world's first trackball device - developed by Tom Cranston, Fred Longstaff and Kenyon Taylor


• The world's first handheld computer (Psion Organiser) - Psion PLC


• The first rugged computer - Husky (computer)


• First PC-compatible palmtop computer (Atari Portfolio) - Ian Cullimore


• Denotational semantics - Christopher Strachey pioneer in programming language design


• Wolfram's 2-state 3-symbol Turing machine - Stephen Wolfram