國之將亡，義利之辨，願力業力之行

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(就石凳、莊文雅、一燈的帖子和相關討論而來)

較認可石凳的解釋。誠然，廣義地説，義也是利。但這兒，我們宜考慮狹義上的義和利，即，利是不義之利。

Then, with stonebench's criterion but my terminology, 義 is powered by the Will /願/願力/意誌, 利 is powered by desire/欲.

An empire with though less sophisticated culture and fewer higher pursuits, at its beginning, still has some vision, which is the Will to create. It is a quality above the desire driven 利 . Therefore, it is still a form of 義, though limited. Yet precisely due to the lack of a more sophisticated culture and higher pursuits, once the empire is founded, it slips into 利 more rapidly.

This explains stonebench's account of 蒙元.

In my terms, a nation falls alongside the weakening of the Will.

而意誌的衰減是業力遞增的結果。

可見國之不亡是何等困難，因為要逆業力而行。這兒沒有"守成"，衹有逆水行舟，非進則退。

This phenomenon is observed in other fields of human activities too.

In the arts, only a true genius has a never weakening Will. A true genius is a truly free mind, and is forever self-renewing. But this is in general against human nature. Accounting for this, Schopenhauer recognized a genius as "unnatural".

中國作為一個文明能延續至今已很不錯了，但每個朝代皆不出數百年而亡，因為一個朝代的角色更像一個國家，而一個文明則以精神文化為主。

對國來說，民之利即國之義之所在。

離開民利即統治集團落入不義，亦即國家失去意誌之時。