在國內大學讀本科時，正教我們Marketing的老師，不知哪來的本事，把Kotler 請到學校做演講。這個老師在提問題時，建議是否可以將4Ps增至8Ps，Kotler回答10Ps也未嚐不可，如果你願意的話。
Philip Kotler
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Philip Kotler
Born May 27, 1931 (1931-05-27) (age 77)
Chicago, Illinois
Nationality United States
Occupation Marketing Consultant
Philip Kotler (born 27 May 1931 in Chicago) is the S.G. Johnson & Son Distinguished Professor of International Marketing at the Kellogg School of Management at Northwestern University. He received his master's degree at the University of Chicago and his PhD at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, both in economics. He did postdoctoral work in mathematics at Harvard University and in behavioral science at the University of Chicago.
He was selected in 2001 as the #4 major management guru by the Financial Times (behind Jack Welch, Bill Gates, and Peter Drucker,) and has been hailed by the Management Centre Europe as "the world's foremost expert on the strategic practice of marketing." In 2008, the Wall Street Journal listed him as the 6th most influential person on business thinking.
Kotler has consulted many major U.S. and foreign companies, including IBM, Michelin, Bank of America, Merck, General Electric, Honeywell, and Motorola—in the areas of marketing strategy, planning and organization, and international marketing.
He presents seminars in major international cities around the world on the latest marketing developments to companies and other organizations.
[edit] Empirical Research by Philip Kotler
In 2002 Professor Byron Sharp posted a question to the marketing academic email list ELMAR asking if Philip Kotler had ever made any empirical discoveries. Kotler replied (edited): "Dr. Byron Sharp raises a fair question. Most of my empirical work has been in consulting engagements where I would arrange for marketing research studies to yield evidence for the company's best strategy move. Being trained as an economist, most of my early intellectual work consists in building models of how marketing works. Later I worked on developing new concepts for marketing theory and practice, such as demarketing, social marketing, megamarketing, synchromarketing, place marketing, person marketing, etc."
The Marketing mix is generally accepted as the use and specification of the four p's describing the strategic position of a product in the marketplace. One version of the origins of the marketing mix starts in 1948 when James Culliton said that a marketing decision should be a result of something similar to a recipe. This version continued in 1953 when Neil Borden, in his American Marketing Association presidential address, took the recipe idea one step further and coined the term 'Marketing-Mix'. A prominent marketer, E. Jerome McCarthy, proposed a 4 P classification in 1960, which would see wide popularity. The four Ps concept is explained in most marketing textbooks and classes.
[edit] Marketing Mix
A Marketing mix is the division of groups to make a particular product, by pricing, product, branding, place, and quality. Although some marketers[who?] have added other P's, such as personnel, packaging and physical evidence, the fundamentals of marketing typically identifies the four P's of the marketing mix as referring to:
Product - A tangible object or an intangible service that is mass produced or manufactured on a large scale with a specific volume of units. Intangible products are often service based like the tourism industry & the hotel industry. Typical examples of a mass produced tangible object are the motor car and the disposable razor. A less obvious but ubiquitous mass produced service is a computer operating system.
Price – The price is the amount a customer pays for the product. It is determined by a number of factors including market share, competition, material costs, product identity and the customer's perceived value of the product. The business may increase or decrease the price of product if other stores have the same product.
Place – Place represents the location where a product can be purchased. It is often referred to as the distribution channel. It can include any physical store as well as virtual stores on the Internet.
Promotion – Promotion represents all of the communications that a marketer may use in the marketplace. Promotion has four distinct elements - advertising, public relations, word of mouth and point of sale. A certain amount of crossover occurs when promotion uses the four principal elements together, which is common in film promotion. Advertising covers any communication that is paid for, from television and cinema commercials, radio and Internet adverts through print media and billboards. One of the most notable means of promotion today is the Promotional Product, as in useful items distributed to targeted audiences with no obligation attached. This category has grown each year for the past decade while most other forms have suffered. It is the only form of advertising that targets all five senses and has the recipient thanking the giver. Public relations are where the communication is not directly paid for and includes press releases, sponsorship deals, exhibitions, conferences, seminars or trade fairs and events. Word of mouth is any apparently informal communication about the product by ordinary individuals, satisfied customers or people specifically engaged to create word of mouth momentum. Sales staff often plays an important role in word of mouth and Public Relations (see Product above).
Broadly defined, optimizing the marketing mix is the primary responsibility of marketing. By offering the product with the right combination of the four Ps marketers can improve their results and marketing effectiveness. Making small changes in the marketing mix is typically considered to be a tactical change. Making large changes in any of the four Ps can be considered strategic. For example, a large change in the price, say from $19.00 to $39.00 would be considered a strategic change in the position of the product. However a change of $131 to $130.99 would be considered a tactical change, potentially related to a promotional offer.
The term "Marketing Mix" however, does not imply that the 4P elements represent options. They are not trade-offs but are fundamental marketing issues that always need to be addressed. They are the fundamental actions that marketing requires whether determined explicitly or by default.
[edit] References
Kotler, Philip, Keller, Lane (2005) "Marketing Management", Prentice Hall, ISBN 0131457578.
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