Dualism: René Descartes and other dualists advocate a division between the mind (consciousness) and body.
Functionalism: Functionalists focus on the functions of consciousness rather than its specific physical substrate. From this perspective, consciousness is more about the processes and functions it serves rather than a specific location.
Karl Marx's Materialism: Materialist philosophies assert that consciousness is entirely based on physical processes and is a product of the brain. In this view, consciousness is intricately tied to the body.
