Dualism not confined to the body and can exist beyond it

Dualism: René Descartes and other dualists advocate a division between the mind (consciousness) and body. 

Functionalism: Functionalists focus on the functions of consciousness rather than its specific physical substrate. From this perspective, consciousness is more about the processes and functions it serves rather than a specific location.

Karl Marx's Materialism: Materialist philosophies assert that consciousness is entirely based on physical processes and is a product of the brain. In this view, consciousness is intricately tied to the body.