關於東方哲學/佛學中的Non-duality

Non-duality， 非二元性，通常從梵文術語 *Advaita* 翻譯而來，意為“不二”或“唯一無二”，是各種靈性傳統中的核心概念，尤其在印度哲學如 Advaita Vedanta 和某些佛教派別中。它指現實的根本一體性，其中自我（或個體意識）、世界與神聖或終極實在之間不存在固有的分離。在其本質上，非二元性主張所有表麵的區分——如主體與客體、自我與他者，或善與惡——都是心靈二元思維創造的幻象（*maya*）。

### 起源與傳統
- **Advaita Vedanta（印度教）**：由8世紀哲學家 Adi Shankara 推廣，它教導個體靈魂（*Atman*）與宇宙意識（*Brahman*）是同一的。靈性實踐的目標是通過探究、冥想和自我探究（例如，“我是誰？”）來實現這種統一。
- **佛教**：在禪宗或 Dzogchen 等傳統中，非二元性強調固有存在的空性（*shunyata*），其中現象相互依存地生起，而無真實的分離。
- **其他影響**：它出現在道教、蘇菲主義和現代西方靈性中，通常作為超越概念理解的直接體驗性洞見。

### 關鍵原則
非二元性通過突出以下方麵挑戰日常感知：
- **覺知的統一性**：一切——思想、感覺和外部世界——都在單一覺知場域中生起，而無獨立的觀察者。
- **分離的幻象**：獨立的“我”的感覺是一種暫時的建構；真實的現實是無縫且 undivided 的。
- **超越二元**：它超越二元對立，讓現象隻是“存在”而無判斷。

### 靈性含義與實踐
在實踐中，非二元性往往通過直接體驗而非智力信念來實現，通過正念、自我探究或沉思等方法。它能帶來深刻的平和、減少痛苦，以及互聯感，盡管最初可能擾亂基於自我的身份。 像 Rupert Spira 或 Eckhart Tolle 這樣的老師強調，它是從將世界視為“他者”轉向認識到它是同一意識的表達。

雖然不同傳統中的詮釋各異，但非二元性最終邀請人們直接瞥見存在的 undivided 本性，通常被描述為不可言喻卻具變革性。

Non-duality, often translated from the Sanskrit term *Advaita* meaning "not two" or "one without a second," is a core concept in various spiritual traditions, particularly in Indian philosophies like Advaita Vedanta and certain schools of Buddhism. It refers to the fundamental oneness of reality, where there is no inherent separation between the self (or individual consciousness), the world, and the divine or ultimate reality. At its essence, non-duality posits that all apparent distinctions—such as subject versus object, self versus other, or good versus evil—are illusions (*maya*) created by the mind's dualistic thinking.

### Origins and Traditions
- **Advaita Vedanta (Hinduism)**: Popularized by the 8th-century philosopher Adi Shankara, it teaches that the individual soul (*Atman*) is identical to the universal consciousness (*Brahman*). The goal of spiritual practice is to realize this unity through inquiry, meditation, and self-inquiry (e.g., "Who am I?").
- **Buddhism**: In traditions like Zen or Dzogchen, non-duality emphasizes the emptiness (*shunyata*) of inherent existence, where phenomena arise interdependently without true separation.
- **Other Influences**: It appears in Taoism, Sufism, and modern Western spirituality, often as a direct experiential insight beyond conceptual understanding.

### Key Principles
Non-duality challenges everyday perception by highlighting:
- **Oneness of Awareness**: Everything—thoughts, sensations, and the external world—arises within a single field of awareness, with no separate observer.
- **Illusion of Separation**: The sense of an independent "I" is a temporary construct; true reality is seamless and undivided.
- **Beyond Duality**: It transcends binary opposites, allowing phenomena to simply "be" without judgment.

### Spiritual Implications and Practice
In practice, non-duality is often realized through direct experience rather than intellectual belief, via methods like mindfulness, self-inquiry, or contemplation. It can lead to profound peace, reduced suffering, and a sense of interconnectedness, though it may initially disrupt ego-based identities. Teachers like Rupert Spira or Eckhart Tolle emphasize it as a shift from seeing the world as "other" to recognizing it as an expression of the same consciousness.

While interpretations vary across traditions, non-duality ultimately invites a direct glimpse into the undivided nature of existence, often described as ineffable yet transformative.

[NewLeaf2021]

讀Rupert Spira

n his writings on non-duality, Spira summarises his approach in the following way:

"Non-duality is the recognition that underlying the multiplicity and diversity of experience there is a single, infinite and indivisible reality, whose nature is pure consciousness, from which all objects and selves derive their apparently independent existence. The recognition of this reality is not only the source of lasting happiness within all people; it is the foundation of peace between individuals, communities and nations".[19] In essence, Spira shares that happiness, or 'enlightenment', can be found if one can identify with the essential nature of our being – pure consciousness – that lies beyond feelings and thoughts.[20]

For Spira, "The greatest discovery in life is that our essential nature does not share the limits or the destiny of the body and mind"