英語不規則動詞完整列表

Irregular Verbs – Most Often Used

Base Form	Past Simple (V2)	Past Participle (V3)
arise	arose	arisen
awake	awoke	awoken
be	was/were	been
bear	bore	born(e)
beat	beat	beaten
become	became	become
begin	began	begun
bend	bent	bent
bet	bet	bet
bind	bound	bound
bite	bit	bitten
bleed	bled	bled
blow	blew	blown
break	broke	broken
breed	bred	bred
bring	brought	brought
broadcast	broadcast	broadcast
build	built	built
burn	burnt/burned	burnt/burned
burst	burst	burst
buy	bought	bought
can	could	… (been able)
catch	caught	caught
choose	chose	chosen
cling	clung	clung
come	came	come
cost	cost	cost
creep	crept	crept
cut	cut	cut
deal	dealt	dealt
dig	dug	dug
do	did	done
draw	drew	drawn
dream	dreamt/dreamed	dreamt/dreamed
drink	drank	drunk
drive	drove	driven
eat	ate	eaten
fall	fell	fallen
feed	fed	fed
feel	felt	felt
fight	fought	fought
find	found	found
fly	flew	flown
forbid	forbade	forbidden
forget	forgot	forgotten
forgive	forgave	forgiven
freeze	froze	frozen
get	got	got
give	gave	given
go	went	gone
grind	ground	ground
grow	grew	grown
hang	hung	hung
have	had	had
hear	heard	heard
hide	hid	hidden
hit	hit	hit
hold	held	held
hurt	hurt	hurt
keep	kept	kept
kneel	knelt	knelt
know	knew	known
lay	laid	laid
lead	led	led
lean	leant/leaned	leant/leaned
learn	learnt/learned	learnt/learned
leave	left	left
lent	lent	lent
lie (in bed)	lay	lain
lie (to not tell the truth)	lied	lied
light	lit/lighted	lit/lighted
lose	lost	lost
make	made	made
may	might	…
mean	meant	meant
meet	met	met
mow	mowed	mown/mowed
must	had to	…
overtake	overtook	overtaken
pay	paid	paid
put	put	put
read	read	read
ride	rode	ridden
ring	rang	rung
rise	rose	risen
run	ran	run
saw	sawed	sawn/sawed
say	said	said
see	saw	seen
sell	sold	sold
send	sent	sent
set	set	set
sew	sewed	sewn/sewed
shake	shook	shaken
shall	should	…
shed	shed	shed
shine	shone	shone
shoot	shot	shot
show	showed	shown
shrink	shrank	shrunk
shut	shut	shut
sing	sang	sung
sink	sank	sunk
sit	sat	sat
sleep	slept	slept
slide	slid	slid
smell	smelt	smelt
sow	sowed	sown/sowed
speak	spoke	spoken
spell	spelt/spelled	spelt/spelled
spend	spent	spent
spill	spilt/spilled	spilt/spilled
spit	spat	spat
spread	spread	spread
stand	stood	stood
steal	stole	stolen
stick	stuck	stuck
sting	stung	stung
stink	stank	stunk
strike	struck	struck
swear	swore	sworn
sweep	swept	swept
swell	swelled	swollen/swelled
swim	swam	swum
swing	swung	swung
take	took	taken
teach	taught	taught
tear	tore	torn
tell	told	told
think	thought	thought
throw	threw	thrown
understand	understood	understood
wake	woke	woken
wear	wore	worn
weep	wept	wept
will	would	…
win	won	won
wind	wound	wound
write	wrote	written

 

A complete list of English irregular verbs

Verb forms	Verb class and notes
ache/*ake – ached/*oke – ached/*aken	Strong, class 6; now regular.
bake – baked/*book – baked/*baken	Strong, class 6; now regular except in Northern English dialects.
be (am, is, are/*be) – was, were – been	Suppletive. See Indo-European copula.
bear – bore/*bare – borne/born forbear – forbore/*forbare – forborne/forborn *misbear – *misbore/*misbare – *misborne/misborn overbear – overbore/*overbare – overborne/overborn underbear – underbore/*underbare – underborne/underborn	Strong, class 4. The spelling born is used in passive or adjectival contexts relating to birth.
beat – beat – beaten/beat browbeat – browbeat – browbeaten/browbeat overbeat – overbeat – overbeaten/overbeat	Strong, class 7
become – became – become misbecome – misbecame – misbecome	Strong, class 4
*beget – begot/*begat – begot/begotten misbeget – misbegot/*misbegat – misbegotten/misbegot	Strong, class 5
begin – began – begun	Strong, class 3
bend – bent/*bended – bent/*bended overbend – overbent/*overbended – overbent/*overbended unbend – unbent/*unbended – unbent/*unbended	Weak with coalescence of dentals
beseech – beseeched/*besought – beseeched/*besought	Weak with Rückumlaut and Germanic spirant law (now regularized)
bet – bet/betted – bet/betted underbet – underbet/underbetted – underbet/underbetted	Weak with coalescence of dentals
betide – betided/*betid – betided/*betid	Weak with vowel shortening and coalescence of dentals (or regular)
beware – (no other forms)	Defective; formed from be with predicate adjective, used as infinitive, imperative and subjunctive only. Inflected forms (bewares, bewared, bewaring) are considered obsolete.
bid [in auctions etc.] – bid – bid outbid – outbid – outbid overbid – overbid – overbid rebid – rebid – rebid underbid – underbid – underbid	Weak with coalescence of dentals
bid [meaning to request or say] – bid/*bade – bid/*bidden	Strong, class 5
bide – bided/bode – bided/bidden abide – abided/*abode – abided/*abidden	Strong, class 1
bind – bound – bound/*bounden unbind – unbound – unbound/*unbounden underbind – underbound – underbound/*underbounden	Strong, class 3
bite – bit – bitten frostbite – frostbit – frostbitten	Strong, class 1
bleed – bled – bled	Weak with vowel shortening and coalescence of dentals
blend – blended/*blent – blended/*blent	Weak with devoiced ending (or regular)
bless – blessed/*blest – blessed/*blest	Weak, regular with alternative (archaic) spelling
blow – blew – blown overblow – overblew – overblown	Strong, class 7
break – broke/*brake – broken/*broke outbreak – outbroke – outbroken rebreak – rebroke – rebroken	Strong, class 4
breed – bred – bred inbreed – inbred – inbred interbreed – interbred – interbred overbreed – overbred – overbred	Weak with vowel shortening and coalescence of dentals
bring – brought – brought	Weak with Rückumlaut and Germanic spirant law
build – built – built overbuild – overbuilt – overbuilt rebuild – rebuilt – rebuilt underbuild – underbuilt – underbuilt	Weak with coalescence of dentals and devoiced ending
burn – burned/burnt – burned/burnt sunburn – sunburned/sunburnt – sunburned/sunburnt	Weak with devoiced ending (or regular)
burst – burst/*brast – burst/*bursten	Strong, class 3
bust – busted/bust – busted/bust	Strong, class 3 (or regular)
buy – bought – bought/*boughten *abuy – *abought – *abought overbuy – overbought – overbought underbuy – underbought – underbought	Weak with Rückumlaut and Germanic spirant law
can [auxiliary verb] – could – (none)	Preterite-present, defective. See English modal verbs
cast – cast – cast broadcast – broadcast – broadcast downcast – downcast – downcast forecast – forecast – forecast miscast – miscast – miscast overcast – overcast – overcast podcast – podcast – podcast precast – precast – precast recast – recast – recast simulcast – simulcast – simulcast telecast – telecast – telecast typecast – typecast – typecast undercast – undercast – undercast upcast – upcast – upcast webcast – webcast – webcast	Weak with coalescence of dentals. Many of the prefixed forms can also take -ed.
catch – caught/*catched – caught/*catched	Weak, French loanword conjugated perhaps by analogy with teach–taught; regular forms are now dialectal.
chide – chided/chid/*chode – chided/chid/chidden	Strong, class 1
choose – chose – chosen mischoose – mischose – mischosen	Strong, class 2
clad – clad – clad	Developed from clad, the past form of clothe (see below).
clap – clapped/*clapt – clapped/*clapt
cleave [meaning to split] – cleft/clove/cleaved/*clave – cleft/cloven/cleaved	Strong, class 2, sometimes switching to weak with vowel shortening. When meaning "adhere" the verb is regular.
*clepe – cleped/clepen/*clept – cleped/*clept/*clepen/*yclept	Weak with vowel shortening, or regular. Obsolete or dialectal.
cling – clung/*clang – clung	Strong, class 3
clothe – clad/clothed – clad/clothed overclothe – overclad/overclothed – overclad/overclothed unclothe – unclad/unclothed – unclad/unclothed underclothe – underclad/underclothed – underclad/underclothed	Weak; the regular clothed is from OE claþian, while clad (weak with coalescence of dentals) is from OE clæþan (both OE verbs having similar meaning).[1]
comb – combed – combed/kempt
come – came – come/comen forthcome – forthcame – forthcome overcome – overcame – overcome/overcomen (see also under become)	Strong, class 4
cost [intransitive sense] – cost/costed – cost/costed	Weak with coalescence of dentals. Regular when meaning "calculate the cost of".
creep – crept/creeped/*crope – crept/creeped/*cropen	Originally strong, class 2; switched to weak with vowel shortening (or regular)
crow – crowed/crew – crowed/*crown	Strong, class 7. Now usually regular, but crew can still be used of a cock's crowing.
cut – cut – cut clearcut – clearcut – clearcut crosscut – crosscut – crosscut *forcut – *forcut – *forcut intercut – intercut – intercut recut – recut – recut undercut – undercut – undercut	Weak with coalescence of dentals
dare (dares/dare) – dared/*durst – dared	Preterite-present, now regular except in the use of dare in place of dares in some contexts. See English modal verbs
deal – dealt – dealt misdeal – misdealt – misdealt redeal – redealt – redealt	Weak with vowel shortening and devoiced ending
dig – dug/*digged – dug/*digged underdig – underdug – underdug	Originally weak; past form dug developed by analogy with stick–stuck[2]
dive – dived/dove – dived/dove	Weak, the alternative dove (found mainly in American usage) arising by analogy with strong verbs
do (does /d?z/) – did – done bedo (bedoes) – bedid – bedone *fordo (fordoes) – *fordid – *fordone misdo (misdoes) – misdid – misdone outdo (outdoes) – outdid – outdone overdo (overdoes) – overdid – overdone redo (redoes) – redid – redone underdo (underdoes) – underdid – underdone undo (undoes) – undid – undone	Irregular since Proto-Germanic: past tense formed by reduplication. Past participle from Old English gedon. Related to deed.
dow – dowed/dought – dowed/dought	Related to doughty.
drag – dragged/*drug – dragged/*drug	Strong, class 6, now usually regular; drug is used in some dialects
draw – drew – drawn *adraw – adrew – adrawn bedraw – bedrew – bedrawn downdraw – downdrew – downdrawn outdraw – outdrew – outdrawn overdraw – overdrew – overdrawn redraw – redrew – redrawn *umbedraw – umbedrew – umbedrawn underdraw – underdrew – underdrawn updraw – updrew – uprawn withdraw – withdrew – withdrawn	Strong, class 6; related to draft/draught
dream – dreamed/dreamt/*drempt – dreamed/dreamt/*drempt bedream – bedreamed/bedreamt – bedreamed/bedreamt	Weak with vowel shortening and devoiced ending (or regular)
dress – dressed/*drest – dressed/*drest	Weak with alternative (archaic) spelling
drink – drank/*drunk/*drinked – drunk/*drank/*drinked/*drunken outdrink – outdrank/*outdrunk/*outdrinked – outdrunk/*outdrank/*outdrinked/*outdrunken overdrink – overdrank/*overdrunk/*overdrinked – overdrunk/*overdrank/*overdrinked/*overdrunken	Strong, class 3; related to drench
drive – drove/*drave – driven bedrive – bedrove – bedriven overdrive – overdrove/*overdrave – overdriven test-drive – test-drove/*test-drave – test-driven	Strong, class 1; related to drift
dwell – dwelt/dwelled – dwelt/dwelled bedwell – bedwelt/bedwelled – bedwelt/bedwelled outdwell – outdwelt/outdwelled – outdwelt/outdwelled	Weak with devoiced ending (or regular)
earn – earned/earnt – earned/earnt	Weak with devoiced ending (or regular)
eat – ate/*et – eaten forfret – forfretted – forfretted/forfretten fret – fretted/frate – fretted/fretten outeat – outate – outeaten overeat – overate/*overet – overeaten undereat – underate/*underet – undereaten	Strong, class 5. Past tense usually /e?t/, sometimes /?t/ in British English.
fall – fell/*felled – fallen/*felled befall – befell/*befelled – befallen/*befelled *misbefall – misbefell/*misbefelled – misbefallen/*misbefelled *misfall – misfell/*misfelled – misfallen/*misfelled outfall – outfell – outfallen	Strong, class 7
feed – fed – fed bottle-feed – bottle-fed – bottle-fed breastfeed – breastfed – breastfed force-feed – force-fed – force-fed hand-feed – hand-fed – hand-fed misfeed – misfed – misfed overfeed – overfed – overfed self-feed – self-fed – self-fed spoon-feed – spoon-fed – spoon-fed underfeed – underfed – underfed	Weak with vowel shortening and coalescence of dentals
feel – felt – felt forefeel – forefelt – forefelt	Weak with vowel shortening and devoiced ending
fight – fought – fought/*foughten befight – befought – befought outfight – outfought – outfought	Strong, class 3
find – found/*fand – found/*founden refind – refound/*refand – refound/*refounden	Strong, class 3
fit – fitted/fit – fitted/fit misfit – misfitted/misfit – misfitted/misfit	Weak with coalescence of dentals
flee – fled – fled	Originally strong, class 2, switched to weak with vowel shortening
fling – flung – flung	By analogy with strong, class 3
fly – flew – flown outfly – outflew – outflown overfly – overflew – overflown test-fly – test-flew – test-flown	Strong, class 2. Regular when used for hitting a fly ball in baseball.
forbid – forbid/forbade/forbad – forbidden	Strong, class 5
forget – forgot/*forgat – forgotten/*forgot	Strong, class 5
*forlese – forlore – forlorn	Past participle remains in use adjectivally.
forsake – forsook – forsaken	Strong, class 6
freeze – froze – frozen quick-freeze – quick-froze – quick-frozen refreeze – refroze – refrozen unfreeze – unfroze – unfrozen	Strong, class 2
get – got/*gat – got/gotten *beget – begot/*begat – begot/begotten forget – forgot/*forgat – forgotten/*forgot *misget – misgot/*misgat – misgot/misgotten *overget – overgot/*overgat – overgot/overgotten *underget – undergot/*undergat – undergot/undergotten	Strong, class 5. Past participle is got in British usage (except in fossilized phrases such as "ill-gotten"), and gotten in American (but see have got).
gild – gilded/gilt – gilded/gilt	Weak with coalescence of dentals and devoiced ending (or regular)
gird – girded/*girt – girded/*girt undergird – undergirded/*undergirt – undergirded/*undergirt	Weak with coalescence of dentals and devoiced ending (or regular)
give – gave – given forgive – forgave – forgiven misgive – misgave – misgiven overgive – overgave – overgiven	Strong, class 5
go – went – gone *bego – bewent – begone forego – forewent – foregone forgo – forwent – forgone *overgo – overwent – overgone undergo – underwent – undergone *withgo – withwent – withgone	Suppletive. See article on the verb go.
*grave – grove/graved – graven/graved	Strong, class 6. Past participle graven remains in use adjectivally, as in graven images in archaic language, e.g. from the 17th century. The verb engrave is regular.
grind – ground/grinded – ground/grinded/*grounden	Strong, class 3
grow – grew/*growed – grown/*growed outgrow – outgrew/*outgrowed – outgrown/*outgrowed overgrow – overgrew/*overgrowed – overgrown/*overgrowed regrow – regrew/*regrowed – regrown/*regrowed undergrow – undergrew/*undergrowed – undergrown/*undergrowed upgrow – upgrew/*upgrowed – upgrown/*upgrowed	Strong, class 7
hang – hung/hanged – hung/hanged overhang – overhung/overhanged – overhung/overhanged underhang – underhung/underhanged – underhung/underhanged uphang – uphung/uphanged – uphung/uphanged	Strong, class 7. Regularized alternative hanged was influenced by OE causative hangian, and is used chiefly for hanging as a means of execution.
have (has) – had – had	Weak; had results from contraction, from OE haefd. Third person present has also a result of contraction.
hear – heard – heard behear – beheard – beheard forehear – foreheard – foreheard mishear – misheard – misheard outhear – outheard – outheard overhear – overheard – overheard rehear – reheard – reheard unhear – unheard – unheard	Weak, originally with vowel shortening (the modern pronunciation of heard in RP has the long vowel /??/)
heave – heaved/*hove – heaved/*hove/*hoven upheave – upheaved/*uphove – upheaved/*uphove/*uphoven	Strong, class 6, now usually regular except in nautical uses
help – helped/*holp – helped/*holpen	Originally strong, class 6, but now weak.
hew – hewed/*hew – hewed/hewn *underhew – underhewed/*underhew – underhewed/underhewn	Strong, class 7 (or regular)
hide – hid – hidden/*hid	Weak with vowel shortening and coalescence of dentals, influenced by strong verbs
hit – hit – hit mishit – mishit – mishit overhit – overhit – overhit underhit – underhit – underhit	Weak with coalescence of dentals
hoist – hoisted/hoist – hoisted/hoist	Weak, hoist was originally the past form of the now archaic verb hoise
hold – held – held/*holden behold – beheld – beheld/*beholden inhold – inheld – inheld/*inholden mishold – misheld – misheld/*misholden uphold – upheld – upheld/*upholden withhold – withheld – withheld/*withholden	Strong, class 7
hurt – hurt – hurt	Weak with coalescence of dentals
keep – kept – kept miskeep – miskept – miskept overkeep – overkept – overkept underkeep – underkept – underkept	Weak with vowel shortening
ken – kenned/kent – kenned/kent beken – bekenned/bekent – bekenned/bekent foreken – forekenned/forekent – forekenned/forekent misken – miskenned/miskent – miskenned/miskent outken – outkenned/outkent – outkenned/outkent	Northern and Scottish dialect word. Weak with devoiced ending (or regular)
kneel – knelt/kneeled – knelt/kneeled	Weak with vowel shortening and devoiced ending (or regular)
knit – knit/knitted – knit/knitted beknit – beknit/beknitted – beknit/beknitted hand-knit – hand-knit/hand-knitted – hand-knit/hand-knitted	Weak with coalescence of dentals (or regular); related to knot
know – knew – known/*knowen *acknow – acknew – acknown/*acknowen foreknow – foreknew – foreknown/*foreknowen misknow – misknew – misknown/*misknowen	Strong, class 7
lade – laded – laden/laded overlade – overladed – overladen/overladed	Strong, class 6, often regularized (past participle laden is common adjectivally)
laugh – laughed/*laught/*laugh'd/*low – laughed/*laught/*laugh'd/*laughen	Originally strong, now weak, regular, with alternative (archaic) spelling
lay – laid/*layed – laid/*layed belay – belaid/*belayed – belaid/*belayed *forelay – forelaid/*forelayed – forelaid/*forelayed *forlay – forlaid/*forlayed – forlaid/*forlayed inlay – inlaid/*inlayed – inlaid/*inlayed interlay – interlaid/*interlayed – interlaid/*interlayed mislay – mislaid/*mislayed – mislaid/*mislayed onlay – onlaid/*onlayed – onlaid/*onlayed outlay – outlaid/*outlayed – outlaid/*outlayed overlay – overlaid/*overlayed – overlaid/*overlayed re-lay – re-laid/*re-layed – re-laid/*re-layed underlay – underlaid/*underlayed – underlaid/*underlayed unlay – unlaid/*unlayed – unlaid/*unlayed *uplay – uplaid/*uplayed – uplaid/*uplayed waylay – waylaid/*waylayed – waylaid/*waylayed	Weak, irregular in spelling only
lead – led – led *belead – beled – beled *forthlead – forthled – forthled inlead – inled – inled mislead – misled – misled offlead – offled – offled onlead – onled – onled outlead – outled – outled overlead – overled – overled underlead – underled – underled *uplead – upled – upled	Weak with vowel shortening and coalescence of dentals
lean – leaned/leant – leaned/leant	Weak with vowel shortening and devoiced ending (or regular)
leap – leaped/leapt/*lept/*lope – leaped/leapt/*lopen beleap – beleaped/beleapt/*belept/*belope – beleaped/beleapt/*belopen forthleap – forthleaped/forthleapt/*forthlept/*forthlope – forthleaped/forthleapt/*forthlopen outleap – outleaped/outleapt/*outlept/*outlope – outleaped/outleapt/*outlopen overleap – overleaped/overleapt/*overlept/*overlope – overleaped/overleapt/*overlopen	Originally strong, class 7, now weak with vowel shortening (or regular)
learn – learned/learnt – learned/learnt mislearn – mislearned/mislearnt – mislearned/mislearnt overlearn – overlearned/overlearnt – overlearned/overlearnt relearn – relearned/relearnt – relearned/relearnt unlearn – unlearned/unlearnt – unlearned/unlearnt	Weak with devoiced ending (or regular)
leave – left – left/*laft beleave – beleft – beleft/*belaft *forleave – forleft – forleft/*forlaft overleave – overleft – overleft/*overlaft	Weak with vowel shortening and devoiced ending
lend – lent – lent *forlend – forlent – forlent	Weak with coalescence of dentals and devoiced ending
let – let/*leet – let/*letten *forlet – forlet/*forleet – forlet/*forletten sublet – sublet/*subleet – sublet/*subletten *underlet – underlet/*underleet – underlet/*underletten	Strong, class 7
lie – lay – lain *forelie – forelay – forelain *forlie – forlay – forlain overlie – overlay – overlain underlie – underlay – underlain	Strong, class 5. Regular in the meaning "tell an untruth".
light – lit/lighted – lit/lighted alight – alit/alighted – alit/alighted backlight – backlit/backlighted – backlit/backlighted green-light – green-lit/green-lighted – green-lit/green-lighted relight – relit/relighted – relit/relighted	Weak with vowel shortening and coalescence of dentals (or regular)
lose – lost – lost	Originally strong, class 2, now weak with vowel shortening and devoiced ending
make – made – made remake – remade – remade unmake – unmade – unmade	Weak; made formed by contraction from "maked"
may – might – (none)	Preterite-present, defective. See English modal verbs
mean – meant – meant	Weak with vowel shortening and devoiced ending
meet – met – met	Weak with vowel shortening and coalescence of dentals
melt – melted/*molt – melted/molten	Strong, class 3. Now regularized, but molten survives in adjectival uses.
mix – mixed/*mixt – mixed/*mixt	Weak, regular, with alternative (mostly archaic) spelling
mow – mowed – mowed/mown	Strong, class 7. Now regularized in past tense and sometimes in past participle.
must – (no other forms)	Defective; originally a preterite. See English modal verbs
need (needs/need) – needed – needed	Weak, regular except in the use of need in place of needs in some contexts, by analogy with can, must, etc.[3] See English modal verbs
ought – (no other forms)	Defective; originally a preterite. See English modal verbs
pay – paid/*payed – paid/*payed overpay – overpaid/*overpayed – overpaid/*overpayed prepay – prepaid/*prepayed – prepaid/*prepayed repay – repaid/*repayed – repaid/*repayed underpay – underpaid/*underpayed – underpaid/*underpayed	Weak, irregular in spelling only. The spelling payed is used in the meaning of letting out a rope etc.
pen – penned/pent – penned/pent	Weak with devoiced ending, but usually regular; pent is sometimes used when the verb has the meaning "to enclose", and mainly adjectivally
plead – pled/pleaded – pled/pleaded	French loanword, weak with vowel shortening and coalescence of dentals. In North America, this verb is usually irregular.
prove – proved – proved/proven reprove – reproved – reproved/reproven	French loanword, weak, with the alternative past participle proven by analogy with some strong verbs
put – put – put/*putten input – input – input/*inputten output – output – output/*outputten *underput – *underput – *underput/*underputten	Weak with coalescence of dentals. Past participle form putten is characteristic for Yorkshire and Lancashire dialects.
*queath/*quethe – queathed/quethed/quoth/quod – queathed/quethed/quoth/quethen bequeath – bequeathed/bequethed/bequoth/bequod – bequeathed/bequethed/bequoth/bequethen	Strong, class 5. Past tense quoth is literary or archaic; other parts of that verb are obsolete. Bequeath is normally regularized in -ed.
quit – quit/quitted – quit/quitted	French loanword, weak, with coalescence of dentals (or regular)
reach – reached/*raught/*rought/*retcht – reached/*raught/*rought/*retcht	Weak, now regular (archaic raught from original conjugation like teach)
read /ri?d/ – read /r?d/ – read /r?d/ / *readen *foreread – foreread – foreread/*forereaden lipread – lipread – lipread/*lipreaden misread – misread – misread/*misreaden proofread – proofread – proofread/*proofreaden reread – reread – reread/*rereaden sight-read – sight-read – sight-read/*sight-readen	Weak with vowel shortening and coalescence of dentals
*reave – reaved/reft – reaved/reft bereave – bereaved/bereft – bereaved/bereft	Weak with vowel shortening and devoiced ending. The verb bereave is usually regular, but bereft survives as past participle, with distinct meanings.
rend – rent – rent	Weak with coalescence of dentals
rid – rid/ridded – rid/ridden/ridded	Weak with coalescence of dentals, or regular; ridden by analogy with strong verbs.
ride – rode/*rid – ridden/*rid outride – outrode/*outrid – outridden/*outrid override – overrode/*overrid – overridden/*overrid	Strong, class 1
ring – rang/*rung – rung	By analogy with strong, class 3. Regular when meaning "surround", etc.
rise – rose – risen arise – arose – arisen uprise – uprose – uprisen	Strong, class 1
rive – rived/rove – rived/riven	From Old Norse, originally followed pattern of strong class 1, later regularized.[4] Now rarely used.
run – ran – run *forerun – foreran – forerun outrun – outran – outrun overrun – overran – overrun rerun – reran – rerun underrun – underran – underrun	Strong, class 3
saw – sawed – sawed/sawn	Weak; sawn by analogy with strong verbs[5]
say (says /s?z/) – said – said *forsay – forsaid – forsaid *gainsay – gainsaid – gainsaid missay – missaid – missaid *naysay – naysaid – naysaid soothsay – soothsaid – soothsaid *withsay – withsaid – withsaid	Weak, with vowel shortening in said /s?d/ and in the third person present says /s?z/
see – saw – seen *besee – besaw – beseen foresee – foresaw – foreseen missee – missaw – misseen oversee – oversaw – overseen sightsee – sightsaw – sightseen undersee – undersaw – underseen	Strong, class 5
seek – sought – sought beseek – besought – besought	Weak with Rückumlaut and Germanic spirant law
seethe – seethed/*sod – seethed/*sodden	Strong, class 2. Now regular, but sodden survives in some adjectival uses.
sell – sold – sold outsell – outsold – outsold oversell – oversold – oversold resell – resold – resold undersell – undersold – undersold upsell – upsold – upsold	Weak with Rückumlaut
send – sent – sent missend – missent – missent resend – resent – resent	Weak with coalescence of dentals
set – set – set/*setten beset – beset – beset/*besetten handset – handset – handset/*handsetten inset – inset – inset/*insetten misset – misset – misset/*missetten offset – offset – offset/*offsetten overset – overset – overset/*oversetten preset – preset – preset/*presetten reset – reset – reset/*resetten upset – upset – upset/*upsetten *withset – withset – withset/*withsetten	Weak with coalescence of dentals
sew – sewed – sewn/sewed/*sewen handsew – handsewed – handsewn/handsewed/*handsewen oversew – oversewed – oversewn/oversewed/*oversewen	Weak; sewn by analogy with strong verbs
shake – shook – shaken overshake – overshook – overshaken	Strong, class 6
shall – should – (none)	Preterite-present; defective. See English modal verbs, and shall and will
shape – shaped/*shope – shaped/*shapen *forshape – forshaped/*forshope – forshaped/*forshapen misshape – misshaped/*misshope – misshaped/*misshapen	Originally strong, class 6, now regular, but with misshapen (and archaically shapen) still used adjectivally
shave – shaved/*shove – shaved/shaven	Strong, class 6, now regular, but shaven sometimes used adjectivally
shear – sheared/shore – shorn/sheared	Strong, class 4 (or regular)
shed – shed – shed	Strong, class 7
shine – shone/shined – shone/shined *beshine – beshone/beshined – beshone/beshined outshine – beshone/beshined – beshone/beshined overshine – beshone/beshined – beshone/beshined	Strong, class 1
shit – shit/shitted/shat – shit/shitted/shat/*shitten shite – shited/shit – shited/shit	Strong, class 1. The form shite is chiefly Scottish and Irish.
shoe – shod/shoed – shodden/shod/shoed reshoe – reshod/reshoed – reshodden/reshod/reshoed	Weak with vowel shortening (or regular); shodden by analogy with strong verbs
shoot – shot – shot/*shotten misshoot – misshot – misshot/*misshotten overshoot – overshot – overshot/*overshotten reshoot – reshot – reshot/*reshotten undershoot – undershot – undershot/*undershotten	Strong, class 2
show – showed/*shew – shown/showed/*shewed foreshow – foreshowed/*foreshew – foreshown/foreshowed/*foreshewed reshow – reshowed/*reshew – reshown/reshowed/*reshewed	Weak, with participle shown perhaps by analogy with sown (from sow)
shrink – shrank/shrunk – shrunk/shrunken overshrink – overshrank/overshrunk – overshrunk/overshrunken	Strong, class 3; shrunken is mostly used adjectivally
*shrive – shrived/*shrove – shrived/*shriven	Strong, class 1
shut – shut – shut reshut – reshut – reshut	Weak with coalescence of dentals
sing – sang – sung/*sungen resing – resang – resung/*resungen	Strong, class 3
sink – sank/sunk – sunk/sunken	Strong, class 3. The form sunken appears in some adjectival uses.
sit – sat/*sate – sat/*sitten babysit – babysat/*babysate – babysat/*babysitten housesit – housesat/*housesate – housesat/*housesitten resit – resat/*resate – resat/*resitten *withsit – withsat/*withsate – withsat/*withsitten	Strong, class 5
slay – slew/slayed – slain/slayed	Strong, class 6 (or regular)
sleep – slept – slept oversleep – overslept – overslept undersleep – underslept – underslept	Originally strong, class 7, now weak with vowel shortening
slide – slid – slid/slidden backslide – backslid – backslid/backslidden overslide – overslid – overslid/overslidden	Strong, class 1
sling – slung/*slang – slung	Strong, class 3
slink – slunk/slinked/slank – slunk/slinked/slank	Strong, class 3
slip – slipped/*slipt – slipped/*slipt *overslip – *overslipped/*overslipt – *overslipped/*overslipt	Regular, with alternative (archaic) spelling
slit – slit – slit/slitten	Strong, class 1
smell – smelled/smelt – smelled/smelt	Weak with devoiced ending (or regular)
smite – smote/*smit – smitten/smitted	Strong, class 1. Largely archaic; smitten is quite commonly used adjectivally.
sneak – sneaked/snuck – sneaked/snuck/*snucked	Weak, alternative form snuck (chiefly American) by analogy with strong verbs
sow – sowed/*sew – sown/sowed	Strong, class 7, with regularized past tense sowed
speak – spoke/*spake – spoken/*spoke bespeak – bespoke/*bespake – bespoken/*bespoke *forespeak – forespoke/*forespake – forespoken/*forespoke *forspeak – forspoke/*forspake – forspoken/*forspoke misspeak – misspoke/*misspake – misspoken/*misspoke	Strong, class 5
speed – sped/speeded – sped/speeded	Weak with vowel shortening and coalescence of dentals (or regular)
spell – spelled/spelt – spelled/spelt misspell – misspelled/misspelt – misspelled/misspelt	Weak with devoiced ending (or regular)
spend – spent – spent *forspend – *forspent – *forspent misspend – misspent – misspent outspend – outspent – outspent overspend – overspent – overspent	Weak with coalescence of dentals
spill – spilled/spilt – spilled/spilt overspill – overspilled/overspilt – overspilled/overspilt	Weak with devoiced ending (or regular)
spin – spun/*span – spun outspin – outspun/*outspan – outspun	Strong, class 3
spit – spat/spit – spat/spit	Weak with coalescence of dentals (for past form spit, which is common in America), or spat by analogy with strong verbs. (In the meaning of roast on a spit, the verb is regular.)
split – split – split	Weak with coalescence of dentals
spoil – spoiled/spoilt – spoiled/spoilt	Weak with devoiced ending (or regular)
spread – spread/*spreaded – spread/*spreaded *bespread – bespread/*bespreaded – bespread/*bespreaded *forspread – forspread – forspread outspread – outspread – outspread overspread – overspread – overspread underspread – underspread – underspread	Weak with coalescence of dentals
spring – sprang/sprung – sprung/*sprang handspring – handsprang/handsprung – handsprung/*handsprang	Strong, class 3
stand – stood – stood/*standen forstand – forstood – forstood/*forstanden misunderstand – misunderstood – misunderstood/*misunderstanden overstand – overstood – overstood/*overstanden understand – understood – understood/*understanden upstand – upstood – upstood/*upstanden withstand – withstood – withstood/*withstanden	Strong, class 6
starve – starved/*starf/*storve – starved/*storven	Strong, class 3
stave – stove/staved – stove/staved/*stoven	Originally weak; irregular forms developed by analogy with strong verbs.[6]
stay – stayed/*staid – stayed/*staid	Regular, with alternative spelling staid (now limited to certain adjectival uses)
steal – stole – stolen	Strong, class 4
stick – stuck/*sticked – stuck/*sticked	Originally weak, irregular forms by analogy with strong verbs
sting – stung/*stang – stung	Strong, class 3
stink – stank/stunk – stunk	Strong, class 3
stretch – stretched/*straught/*straight – stretched/*straught/*straight	Weak, now regular; obsolete past form straught as with teach–taught
strew – strewed – strewn/strewed bestrew – bestrewed – bestrewn/bestrewed overstrew – overstrewed – overstrewn/overstrewed	Originally weak, irregular forms by analogy with strong verbs
stride – strode/*strided – stridden/*strode/*strid/*stridded bestride – bestrode/*bestrided – bestridden/*bestrode/*bestrid/*bestridded outstride – outstrode/*outstrided – outstridden/*outstrode/*outstrid/*outstridded overstride – overstrode/*overstrided – overstridden/*overstrode/*overstrid/*overstridded	Strong, class 1
strike – struck – struck/stricken overstrike – overstruck – overstruck/overstricken	Strong, class 1. The form stricken is limited to certain adjectival and specialist uses.
string – strung/*stringed – strung/*stringed hamstring – hamstrung/*hamstringed – hamstrung/*hamstringed overstring – overstrung/*overstringed – overstrung/*overstringed	Originally weak, irregular forms developed by analogy with strong verbs
strip – stripped/stript – stripped/stript
strive – strove/strived – striven/strived outstrive – outstrove – outstriven overstrive – overstrove – overstriven	Strong, class 1 (or regularized)
swear – swore – sworn forswear – forswore – forsworn outswear – outswore – outsworn	Strong, class 6
sweat – sweated/sweat – sweated/sweat	Weak, usually regular, possible past form sweat with coalescence of dentals
sweep – swept/*sweeped – swept/*sweeped upsweep – upswept/*upsweeped – upswept/*upsweeped	Weak with vowel shortening
swell – swelled/*swole/*swelt – swollen/swelled upswell – upswelled/*upswole/*upswelt – upswollen/upswelled	Strong, class 3, with regularized forms
*swelt – swelted/*swolt – swelted/*swolten	Strong, class 3 (or regularized). Archaic
swim – swam/*swum – swum outswim – outswam/*outswum – outswum	Strong, class 3
swing – swang/swung – swung/*swungen overswing – overswang/overswung – overswung/*overswungen	Strong, class 3
*swink – swank/swonk/*swinkt/swinked – swunk/swunken/swonken/*swinkt/swinked *forswink – forswank/forswonk – forswunk/forswunken *toswink – toswank – toswunk/toswunken	Strong, class 3
take – took/*taked – taken betake – betook/*betaked – betaken intake – intook/*intaked – intaken mistake – mistook/*mistaked – mistaken overtake – overtook/*overtaked – overtaken partake – partook/*partaked – partaken retake – retook/*retaked – retaken undertake – undertook/*undertaked – undertaken *uptake – uptook/*uptaked – uptaken *withtake – withtook – withtaken	Strong, class 6
teach – taught/*teached – taught/*teached	Weak with Rückumlaut and Germanic spirant law
tear – tore – torn uptear – uptore – uptorn	Strong, class 4
*tee – teed/tow – teed/town betee – beteed/betow – beteed/betown fortee – forteed/fortow – forteed/fortown
tell – told/*telled – told/*telled foretell – foretold/*foretelled – foretold/*foretelled forthtell – forthtold – forthtold mistell – mistold – mistold *outtell – outtold/*outtelled – outtold/*outtelled retell – retold/*retelled – retold/*retelled	Weak with Rückumlaut; related to tale
think – thought/*thinked – thought/*thinked outthink – outthought/*outthinked – outthought/*outthinked rethink – rethought/*rethinked – rethought/*rethinked	Weak with Rückumlaut and Germanic spirant law
thrive – throve/thrived/*thrave – thriven/thrived	Of Old Norse origin; followed strong class 1 (now archaic) or weak (regular) pattern[7]
throw – threw/*throwed – thrown/*throwed misthrow – misthrew/*misthrowed – misthrown/*misthrowed outthrow – outthrew/*outthrowed – outthrown/*outthrowed overthrow – overthrew/*overthrowed – overthrown/*overthrowed underthrow – underthrew/*underthrowed – underthrown/*underthrowed upthrow – upthrew/*upthrowed – upthrown/*upthrowed	Strong, class 7
thrust – thrust/*thrusted – thrust/*thrusted outthrust – outthrust/*outthrusted – outthrust/*outthrusted	Weak, with coalescence of dentals (or regular)
tread – trod/*tread/*treaded/*trodden – trodden/trod/*tread/*treaded retread – retrod/*retread/*retreaded/*retrodden – retrodden/retrod/*retread/*retreaded	Strong, class 5 (or regularized)
vex – vexed/*vext – vexed/*vext
wake – woke/*waked – woken/*waked awake – awoke/*awaked – awoken/*awaked	Strong, class 6
wax – waxed/*wex – waxed/*waxen	Strong, class 7, now regularized
wear – weared/wore – weared/worn *forwear – forweared/forwore – forweared/forworn outwear – outweared/outwore – outweared/outworn overwear – overweared/overwore – overweared/overworn	Originally weak, fell into a strong pattern by analogy with bear
weave – wove – woven interweave – interwove – interwoven *unweave – unwove – unwoven	Strong, class 7
wed – wed/wedded – wed/wedded miswed – miswed/miswedded – miswed/miswedded rewed – rewed/rewedded – rewed/rewedded	Weak with coalescence of dentals (or regular)
weep – wept/weeped – wept/weeped *beweep – bewept/beweeped – bewept/beweeped	Originally strong, class 7, now weak with vowel shortening
wend – wended/*went – wended/*went	Weak, once with coalescence of dentals and devoiced ending, but now regular; went is used as the past of go
wet – wet/wetted – wet/wetted overwet – overwet/overwetted – overwet/overwetted	Weak with coalescence of dentals (or regular)
will – would – (none)	Preterite-present, defective. See English modal verbs, and shall and will. (In non-auxiliary uses the verb is regular.)
win – won – won	Strong, class 3
wind – wound – wound rewind – rewound – rewound unwind – unwound – unwound	Strong, class 3. (The identically spelt verb wind /w?nd/, with meanings connected with air flow and breathlessness, is regular.)
work – worked/*wrought – worked/*wrought overwork – overworked/*overwrought – overworked/*overwrought	Weak, now regular, formerly with Rückumlaut and metathesis of r and o
*worth – worth/worthed – worth/worthed/worthen	Strong, class 3, or regularized
wreak – wreaked/*wrought/*wrack/*wroke – wreaked/*wrought/*wreaken/*wroken	Weak, usually regular; wrought (which is in fact from work) has come sometimes to be identified with this verb (perhaps by analogy with seek–sought). Other forms by analogy with strong verbs.
wring – wrang/wrung/*wringed – wrung/*wringed	Strong, class 3
write – wrote/*writ – written/*writ cowrite – cowrote/*writ – cowritten ghostwrite – ghostwrote/*ghostwrit – ghostwritten/*ghostwrit handwrite – handwrote/*handwrit – handwritten/*handwrit miswrite – miswrote/*miswrit – miswritten/*miswrit overwrite – overwrote/*overwrit – overwritten/*overwrit rewrite – rewrote/*rewrit – rewritten/*rewrit underwrite – underwrote/*underwrit – underwritten/*underwrit	Strong, class 1
writhe – writhed/*wrothe – writhed/*writhen	Strong, class 1, now regularized
zinc – zinced/zinked/zincked – zinced/zinked/zincked

 

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