野花、美人及鄉村歌曲
(一)野花與對稱性
去年初春,播種野花純屬偶然。在Lowes商店裏看到一盆獨特的花草(Gaura lindheimeri),符合想象中野花的樣子,簡樸、低調、堅韌、明顯的花瓣對稱美。後來一查,叫山桃草,如圖1(a)。其簡單的四瓣花呈現單一鏡麵對稱性特征(bilaterally symmetric)。花似盾,葉如矛,指向天際,好一個“野”字!於是,還買了一袋野花籽(Pennington South Garden Wildflowers),撒種在自製的花圃裏,花開延續了兩個春夏,認識了十多種以前不知名的野花。
圖1(a)山桃草; (b)二色科林花(Collinsia concolor Greene)屬於單一低對稱性花類。
圖2(a)四瓣野花(Papaver dubium),對稱性則比圖1要高一些。圖2(b)野花(Lobularia maritima)花瓣更加規整,對稱性更高。
圖3 (a) 唯一的七瓣花;(b) “無名”野花;(c) 天人菊(Gaillardia pulchella)和美洲原生平原金雞菊(Plains coreopsis)。
作為植物外行,卻對花瓣對稱性充滿好奇,因為聯想到無機晶體世界,推測花瓣對稱性的微觀屬性。Google關鍵詞“對稱性(symmetry) + 花(flower)”,結果不意外,植物學家可以通過改變花的一組特別的基因,來改變花的外觀對稱性或者花朵外觀[1]。其中一種解釋認為,花為了吸引飛蟲和繁衍需要,花瓣傾向進化為更高對稱性,或者更複雜鮮豔的樣子,甚至整體看不出花瓣對稱性,換句話說,完全對稱了。我們知道,晶體對稱性可以改變,要麽加溫激發固有的奔放,要麽壓力導致空間的自由被擠壓和約束,適應“環境”,甚至包容缺陷,對稱性改變成為一種妥協。當野花的花瓣多了,花瓣數有了統計漲落特征[2],或另一種說法,花瓣數傾向於成斐波那契數列中的某個數(或稱為斐波那契花,Fibonacci Flowers)[3],植物學家對花瓣數異常有各種說法。因此,當自己看到花圃裏唯一一朵傳說中的七瓣花、圖3(a),驚奇之後,大概率屬於花瓣數“異常”。同類八瓣花數裏出現九、甚至十瓣花“異常”,見怪不怪了。7、10都不是斐波那契數列中的數,通常花瓣(或者花蕾)斐波那契數是空間高效率排列(生長)的一種選擇[3],類似地,晶體內原子的空間高效平移排列,失去了美麗的五重對稱性。
(二)五瓣花和美人臉
圖4 各種五瓣野花
在花圃裏,五瓣花有八種之多,沒有出現同類五花瓣數異常。五瓣花令人關注,因為其一,五對稱性被認為是生命與非生命之間的一個分水嶺,其二,五瓣花朵包含著黃金分割(Φ=1.61803…),因此跟美人臉模型聯係起來了。
最近一篇有關英國倫敦整形醫生Julian DeSilva的美人臉模型報道[4]撞入眼簾,醫生這樣描述道:“黃金比例一直被認為是美麗密碼,計算機映像(mapping)數字技術的發展,可以通過計算把黃金比例用於真實的女性麵部。” 早在2016年[5],他在人臉部選擇12個關鍵點,定量分析的十個美女中赫然出現好萊塢明星安柏·赫德(Amber Heard)的名字,因為前段時間她和前夫約翰尼·德普(Johnny Depp)的官司刷屏,成了避不開的八卦。當年(2016)Dr. Julian DeSilva是否有蹭熱度之嫌,有可能,不過他定量分析顯示,安柏·赫德麵部和標準模型契合度達91.85%,她的鼻子更高達98%,圖5(a)(注:完美鼻子長度:鼻子寬度=1.6180,用手機app裏的尺子,很容易測量估算鼻子的長寬比和黃金比例相差多少。),被譽為擁有一張“科學完美臉”(A Scientifically “Perfect” Face)的標致女人。然而,Julian DeSilva的臉模不是唯一一種,Dr. Stephen R. Marquardt的模型更直接和五邊形聯係起來,如文章中[6]的五邊形幾何圖案和完美人臉型匹配演變GIF動態圖所示,看起來更複雜,的確不如Dr. Julian DeSilva的模型來得直接, 不過,它們都基於黃金分割概念,隻是“算法”(即如何分割比例)不同而已。當Dr. Julian DeSilva用黃金比例生成一個100%(虛擬)完美人臉,如圖5(b)[5],第一反應竟然是Oops!是否有點讓人失望?如果習慣於東方審美,此標準臉的下顎是否有點長了,前額是否有點高寬?是否需要一個高挑適當的身材與之匹配? 顯然,我們知道,美是一個整體視覺感受(包括個性及品行),而且,事實是,對整體的完美感受多來自於,犧牲局部的完美,建立整體完美,野花已經給了一個非常好示範,特別是下麵的矢車菊(Centaurea cyanus)。因此,非常讚同Dr. Kirk Bass[7]在文章“什麽定義了真正的美?”所表達的看法:“我們相信, 我們表現出來的真正美麗來自於我們和愛人、家庭和朋友之間的美好關係。”
圖5黃金比例完美臉[4,5]。
(三)組合花與不完美
在花圃裏,矢車菊最為顯眼(圖6),它已經看不出具有什麽樣的對稱性,或完全對稱了。如果仔細觀察,不像通常稱為菊花的花,它由很多獨立小花朵組合成一大朵,而且小花的花瓣數並不統一,五、六、七、八片花瓣都有,各花瓣明顯地大小不一,但基本保留了鏡麵對稱性。當它們組合成一朵大花,整體和諧,漂亮,因此,犧牲局部的完美,花兒懂得“舍小求大”。
圖6 矢車菊
(四)鄉村歌曲《野花》
野花自由自在、四海為家,吸引了眾多音樂人為她們而歌,比如,中文歌曲有田震,林憶蓮,陳盈潔,夢然,英文歌曲有Dillon Chase,5 Seconds of Summer,Beach House,Dylan Bloom, The JaneDear Girls,AVA, Avery Roberson, Tom Petty, Blake Shelton等。
如果要從中選兩首,非歌手Tom Petty和Blake Shelton的《wildflower》莫屬。音樂評論談到Tom Petty創作的《野花》時,有些近乎絕望地說:“野花”不僅僅是美的象征,而且是一種無法擁有、而不被毀掉的美麗。(“Wildflower” isn’t just a metaphor for beauty, but a beauty you can’t possess without ruining it. ),在20年婚姻結束之際Tom心痛徹悟:“你屬於自由自在的地方”(“You belong somewhere you feel free” ),無數人被這首樸實歌曲所打動,他要表達的也許是,如果愛或者喜歡一個人,就應該讓她感受到自由自在。Blake Shelton的《野花》則有些不同,油然而生一種可貴的俠骨柔情,他懂野花,懂她的似水柔情,林憶蓮曾經以一種完全不同的風格翻唱過這首英文歌曲,她還唱了另外一首自己的粵語《野花》,Blake Shelton的鄉村味更濃。最後,女歌手AVA的新歌《野花》值得分享,Éabha McMahon是前Celtic Woman歌唱組合成員之一,AVA是藝名,2020年開始單獨出歌曲,這一首清新的歌曲(2021)簡單直接表達了女人自己心目中有個地方,那裏花兒盛開,AVA唱道:
“…
她說
我知道一個地方
野花盛開
萬紫千紅的海洋
粉色、黃色、藍色
…”
————————————-
1)夢然—野花
2)鄉村歌曲:Wildflower (2008) by Blake Shelton
3)鄉村歌曲:Wildflower by Dean Brody
4)Wildflower (2021) by AVA
5)Tom Petty covered by The Wailin’ Jennys
歌詞來自網絡
Wildflower by Blake Shelton
She's faced the hardest times you could imagine
And many times her eyes fought back the tears
And when her youthful world was about to fall in
Each time her slender shoulders bore the weight of all her fears
And a sorrow no one hears
Still rings in midnight silence, in her ears
Let her cry, for she's a lady
Let her dream, she's a child
Let the rain fall down upon her
Be careful how you touch her, she'll awaken
As sleep's the only freedom that she knows
And when you walk into her eyes, you won't believe
The way she's always paying for a debt she never owes
And a silent wind still blows
That only she can hear, so she goes
Let her cry, for she's a lady
Let her dream, she's a child
Let the rain fall down upon her
She's a free and gentle flower, growing wild
Let her cry, oh, she's a lady
Let her dream, 'cause she's a child
Let the rain fall down upon her
She's a free and gentle flower growing wild
She's a flower growing wild, she's a flower growing wild
Source: Musixmatch
Songwriters: Doug Edwards / David Richardson
Wildflower lyrics © Edsel Music
Wildflower by Dean Brody
I was living in a world without color
Like an old photograph
Flying down the road never looked
At what I might have passed
But when I met you, girl
I just had to slow down
You were beautiful but different
You turned this ol' boy around
You're a wildflower
You caught my eye at the side of the road
You're a wildflower
Girl, that's what makes you so beautiful
I love how your pretty shy smile
Can light up a room
The way that you talk, share your secrets
How your body moves
You got a way about you
That stands out in a crowd
What you think are imperfections
Are what I couldn't live without
You're a wildflower
You caught my eye at the side of the road
You're a wildflower
Girl, that's what makes you so beautiful, yeah, oh
I used to wonder
If love was out there somewhere
With all the millions of people
It was you I saw there
'Cause you're a wildflower
You caught my eye at the side of the road
You're a wildflower
Girl, that's what makes you so beautiful
Source: LyricFind
Songwriters: Dean McWhinnie
Wildflower lyrics © Ole Media Management Lp
Wildflower (2021) by AVA
Inside her garden
The wildflowers grew
Painted with colours
Pink, yellow and blue
Falling in circles
The petals flew down
They Jumped up the garden
And danced through the town
She said
I know of a place
Where wild flowers grow
A sea of bright colours
Pink, blue and yellow
Gathered by children
They ran to the sea
Releasing wildflowers
So they could be free
The petals swam up
To the next little town
Saved by a lady
She said
I know of a place
Where wild flowers grow
A sea of bright colours
Pink, blue and yellow
Like treasure they hid
Within an old book
When one day her daughter
Would finally look
She found the wildflowers
Beside them a note
A poem from her mother
And on it she wrote
She said
I know of a place
Where wild flowers grow
A sea of bright colours
Pink, blue and yellow
I know of a place
Where wild flowers grow
A sea of bright colours
Pink, blue and yellow
參考:
[1] Genetic Analysis of Floral Symmetry in Van Gogh's Sunflowers Reveals Independent Recruitment of CYCLOIDEA Genes in the Asteraceae
https://journals.plos.org/plosgenetics/article?id=10.1371%2Fjournal.pgen.1002628
[2]“七片花瓣的小花,並不是隻出現在童話裏” https://m.guokr.com/article/448126/w
[3]Fibonacci Flowers
https://www.gkochert.com/fibonacci-flowers/
[4] Famous Surgeon Claimed Amber Heard’s Face is the “Most Beautiful In The World”
https://tiffytaffy.com/amber-heards-face-most-beautiful/
[5] Amber Heard has the most beautiful face in the world, according to science - followed by Kim Kardashian and Kate Moss (who has a perfect forehead) (2016/07/14)
[6] Beauty in the Human Face and the Golden Ratio
https://www.goldennumber.net/beauty/
[7] What is the Definition of True Beauty?
https://sheaaestheticclinic.com/blog/what-is-the-definition-of-true-beauty