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理查德·霍夫施塔特：美國生活中的反智主義、美國政治中的偏執風格、1956-1965 年未收集的論文
作者：理查德·霍夫施塔特 (Richard Hofstadter)，肖恩·威倫茨 (Sean Wilentz) (編輯) 2020 年 4 月 21 日
首次合集：我們最偉大的曆史學家之一撰寫的關於美國思想暗流的兩部傑作
理查德·霍夫施塔特的《美國生活中的反智主義》和《美國政治中的偏執風格》是兩部重要著作，揭露了長期影響美國政治和文化的非理性主義、煽動性、破壞性民粹主義和陰謀論思維等令人擔憂的趨勢。無論是地下的還是——就像我們現在這樣——公開的，這些怨恨、懷疑和陰謀妄想的潮流都得到了霍夫施塔特的權威處理，霍夫施塔特是二十世紀最偉大的美國曆史學家之一，而當時許多公共知識分子和學者並沒有足夠重視它們。肖恩·威倫茨精選了霍夫施塔特戰後時期最尖銳的未收集著作，將這兩部傑作與這本書結合在一起：關於憲法製定者的討論、羅斯福的個性和遺產、高等教育及其不滿、原教旨主義與右翼政治的關係以及現代保守運動的出現。
《美國生活中的反智主義》是理查德·霍夫施塔特於 1963 年出版的一本書，該書獲得了 1964 年普利策非小說類文學獎。[1][2]
摘要
在這本書中，霍夫施塔特著手追溯改變美國社會中知識分子角色的社會運動。[3] 在此過程中，他探討了有關教育目的的問題，以及教育民主化是否改變了教育目的並重塑了其形式。[4]
分析
在考慮教育機會和教育卓越性之間的曆史緊張關係時，霍夫施塔特認為反智主義和功利主義在一定程度上都是知識民主化的結果。此外，他認為這些主題在曆史上根植於美國的國家結構中，源於其殖民和福音派新教傳統。他認為，美國福音派新教的反智傳統重視精神而不是知識嚴謹性。[5]
定義
霍夫施塔特將反智主義描述為“對精神生活及其代表的憎恨；以及不斷貶低這種生活價值的傾向。”[6] 他進一步將這一術語描述為這樣一種觀點：“知識分子……自命不凡、自負……勢利；很可能不道德、危險、具有顛覆性……普通人的樸素意識完全可以替代正式的知識和專業知識，甚至比它們更優越。”
Richard Hofstadter: Anti-Intellectualism in American Life, The Paranoid Style in American Politics, Uncollected Essays 1956-1965
https://www.amazon.ca/Richard-Hofstadter-Anti-Intellectualism-Uncollected-1956-1965/dp/1598536591/ref=
by Richard Hofstadter (Author), Sean Wilentz (Editor) April 21 2020
Together for the first time: two masterworks on the undercurrents of the American mind by one of our greatest historians
Richard Hofstadter's Anti-Intellectualism in American Life and The Paranoid Style in American Politics are two essential works that lay bare the worrying trends of irrationalism, demagoguery, destructive populism, and conspiratorial thinking that have long influenced American politics and culture. Whether underground or--as in our present moment--out in the open, these currents of resentment, suspicion, and conspiratorial delusion received their authoritative treatment from Hofstadter, among the greatest of twentieth-century American historians, at a time when many public intellectuals and scholars did not take them seriously enough. These two masterworks are joined here by Sean Wilentz's selection of Hofstadter's most trenchant uncollected writings of the postwar period: discussions of the Constitution's framers, the personality and legacy of FDR, higher education and its discontents, the relationship of fundamentalism to right-wing politics, and the advent of the modern conservative movement.
Anti-intellectualism in American Life is a book by Richard Hofstadter published in 1963 that won the 1964 Pulitzer Prize for General Nonfiction.[1][2]
Summary
In this book, Hofstadter set out to trace the social movements that altered the role of intellect in American society.[3] In so doing, he explored questions regarding the purpose of education and whether the democratization of education altered that purpose and reshaped its form.[4]
Analysis
In considering the historic tension between access to education and excellence in education, Hofstadter argued that both anti-intellectualism and utilitarianism were in part consequences of the democratization of knowledge. Moreover, he saw these themes as historically embedded in America's national fabric, resulting from its colonial and evangelical Protestant heritage. He contended that evangelical American Protestantism's anti-intellectual tradition valued the spirit over intellectual rigor.
Definition
Hofstadter described anti-intellectualism as "resentment of the life of the mind, and those who are considered to represent it; and a disposition to constantly minimize the value of that life."[6] He further described the term as a view that "intellectuals...are pretentious, conceited... and snobbish; and very likely immoral, dangerous, and subversive ... The plain sense of the common man is an altogether adequate substitute for, if not actually much superior to, formal knowledge and expertise."
