"To be , or not to be: that is the question."
眾所周知,這是莎士比亞的《哈姆雷特》第三幕第一場,哈姆雷特王子的第一句句白。中文翻作"生存還是死亡, 這是個問題" 也有翻成"生存還是毀滅"的.
某君是位戲劇愛好者,能整段地用中文默頌莎翁的這段台詞, 一日, 此君一時興起,居然飆起了英語,“To live, or to die, that is the question ” 語調抑揚頓挫甚是好聽,隻是在坐的一時都笑出了聲。
雖然是一則笑話,心中卻也頗為此君不平,沒有讀過原著,按中文字麵再翻譯回去確實應該是“to live, or to die ”,沒錯啊,那到底是哪兒出的錯呢?
於是到WIKTIONARY上去認真查了一下,結果如下:
Verb[edit]
be (highly irregular)
(intransitive, now literary) To exist; to have real existence. [quotations ▲]
1526, Bible, tr. William Tyndale, Matthew 2:
Rachel wepynge ffor her chyldren, and wolde nott be comforted because they were not.
c. 1600, William Shakespeare, Hamlet:
To be, or not to be, that is the Question […].
1603, John Florio, translating Michel de Montaigne, Essays, II.12:
it were great sottishnesse, and apparent false-hood, to say, that that is which is not yet in being, or that already hath ceased from being.
1643, Thomas Browne, Religio Medici, II.2:
There is surely a peece of Divinity in us, something that was before the Elements, and owes no homage unto the Sun.
BE 作為動詞第一個解釋是存在, 真實的存在。例句中便有莎翁的這句名言,那麽這樣看來,這句話翻譯作“存在還是消亡” 是不是更正確呢?
生存和存在,死亡和消亡, 區別在於生存和死亡隻用於有生命的事和物,而存在和消亡可以用在任何有生命或沒生命的事或物上,舉個例子,一個人出生,然後N十年以後死亡,這是他的生存與死亡,他曾在這世間這件事卻是一種存在,他一生中所有過的經曆,情感或精神則是一種存在,這些存在不會因為他的死亡而消失,隻因為時間久了而令人遺忘。
那麽我們再來看看莎文名言中到底指的是生存呢還存在。《哈姆雷特》的中文譯本我是讀過的,英語原文我確是沒有讀過,起先我是有些偏向莎翁這處所指是生存和死亡,因為《哈姆雷特》本是戲劇,哈姆雷特又是王子,用To live, or to die會顯得有些過於直白,而To be , or not to be則顯得更詩意更有內涵。
因為有了疑問,回過頭去再搬來原文閱讀,反複閱讀,反複推敲,終還是不敢妄下結論,據說國外也有好多人質疑過“to be, or not to be ”究竟指的是哪個,終也沒有討論出個是非屈直,恐怕也隻有莎翁自己才知。
隻是下一次再聽到有人說“to live, or to die ”的時候,我可能不會再笑話他了,五十步笑百步,誰又比誰更懂,誰又比誰更可笑呢。
附:莎翁的原文和朱生豪 的中文譯文
To be, or not to be: that is the question:
Whether 'tis nobler in the mind to suffer
The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune,
Or to take arms against a sea of troubles,
And by opposing end them? To die: to sleep;
No more; and by a sleep to say we end
The heart-ache and the thousand natural shocks
That flesh is heir to, 'tis a consummation
Devoutly to be wish'd. To die, to sleep:
To sleep: perchance to dream: ay, there's the rub;
For in that sleep of death what dreams may come
When we have shuffled off this mortal coil,
Must give us pause: there's the respect
That makes calamity of so long life;
For who would bear the whips and scorns of time,
The oppressor's wrong, the proud man's contumely,
The pangs of despised love, the law's delay,
The insolence of office and the spurns
That patient merit of the unworthy takes,
When he himself might his quietus make
With a bare bodkin? who would fardels bear,
To grunt and sweat under a weary life,
But that the dread of something after death,
The undiscover'd country from whose bourn
No traveller returns, puzzles the will
And makes us rather bear those ills we have
Than fly to others that we know not of?
Thus conscience does make cowards of us all;
And thus the native hue of resolution
Is sicklied o'er with the pale cast of thought,
And enterprises of great pitch and moment
With this regard their currents turn awry,
And lose the name of action.--Soft you now!
The fair Ophelia! Nymph, in thy orisons
Be all my sins remember'd".
生存還是毀滅,這是一個值得考慮的問題;
默然忍受命運的暴虐的毒箭,或是挺身反抗人世的無涯的苦難,通過鬥爭把它們掃清,這兩種行為,哪一種更高貴?
死了;睡著了;什麽都完了;
要是在這一種睡眠之中,我們心頭的創痛,以及其他無數血肉之軀所不能避免的打擊,都可以從此消失,那正是我們求之不得的結局。
死了;睡著了;睡著了也許還會做夢;嗯,阻礙就在這兒:因為當我們擺脫了這一具朽腐的皮囊以後,在那死的睡眠裏,究竟將要做些什麽夢,那不能不使我們躊躇顧慮。
人們甘心久困於患難之中,也就是為了這個緣故;
誰願意忍受人世的鞭撻和譏嘲、壓迫者的淩辱、傲慢者的冷眼、被輕蔑的愛情的慘痛、法律的遷延、官吏的橫暴和費盡辛勤所換來的小人的鄙視,要是他隻要用一柄小小的刀子,就可以清算他自己的一生?誰願意負著這樣的重擔,在煩勞的生命的壓迫下呻吟流汗,倘不是因為害怕不可知的死後,害怕那從來不曾有一個旅人回來過的神秘之國,是它迷惑了我們的意誌,使我們寧願忍受目前的折磨,不敢向我們所不知道的痛苦飛去?
這樣,重重的顧慮使我們全變成了懦夫,決心的赤熱的光彩,被審慎的思維蓋上了一層灰色,偉大的事業在這一種考慮之下,也會逆流而退,失去了行動的意義。
且慢!美麗的奧菲利婭!——女神,在你的祈禱之中,不要忘記替我懺悔我的罪孽。