古植物學的故事

古植物學的故事-Story of Paleobotany

首頁文章列表博文目錄

個人資料

palaeomars

給我悄悄話

博客訪問：

植物學之父Theophrastus：植物形態解剖學

(2016-01-15 12:52:00) 下一個

Theophrastus and the origin of plant morphology and anatomy

你是否觀賞過張藝謀執導的電影《山楂樹之戀》（Under the Hawthorn Tree）？你是否知道有刺的山楂樹的屬名為“Crataegus”？你是否知道“Crataegus”源自“植物學之父”Theophrastus (c.371-- c. 287 BC)在2300年前所創造的“Krataigos”？

古希臘大學者Theophrastus[(中譯名：提奧弗拉斯托斯，大約公元前371年-公元前287年)] )是Aristotle (亞裏士多德, 384--322 BC) 的一個得意門生。在學術界，Theophrastus被尊稱為“植物學之父。”雖然Theophrastus很博學，著述甚豐，但殘存著作不多。其中，兩部植物學著作De Historia Plantarum《植物史》 & De Causis Plantarum《植物的本原》對現代植物科學的興起和發展產生了深遠影響。追根溯源，植物形態解剖學、植物分類學、植物生理學和植物生態學都肇始於Theophrastus的開創性研究。

Theophrastus創造了一些專業術語，描述了480種植物。非常有趣的是，有些術語至今仍在使用，如：薔薇科植物山楂的屬名(genus name) Crataegus等。從詞源角度分析，“Crataegus”來源於Theophrastus所創造的希臘文中的合成詞“Krataigos”。原來Theophrastus用“Krataigos”描述了一種有刺的開花植物。

∮1 Theophrastus (c.371 BC to c.287 BC)

Theophrastus (c.371-- c. 287 BC) was a great disciple of Aristotle (384--322 BC) in the Peripatetic School. It is widely accepted that Theophrastus is considered to be the father of botany. Although Theophrastus was an erudite and prolific scholar, most of his treatises were lost forever. His two surviving botanical books, i.e. De Historia Plantarum (English name--Enquiry into Plants) and De Causis Plantarum, are believed to have profound influences on the origin of botanical sciences including plant morphology and anatomy.

Theophrastus (c.371-- c. 287 BC)-The father of botany--

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theophrastus

∮2 De Historia Plantarum (Enquiry into Plants)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_Plantarum_(Theophrastus)

Fig.1. The title page of Enquiry into Plants in Greek and English

2-1

Title: De historia plantarum.

Title:Inquiry into plants. Latin

Author / Creator:Theophrastus.

Published:[Treviso : Bartolomeo Confalonieri, 20 February 1483]

Description:[156] leaves (first leaf blank) ; 32 cm. (fol.)

Language:Latin

Notes:References: Hain-Copinger, 15491*
References: Proctor, 6489
References: Goff, T-155
References: BM 15th cent., VI, 894 (IB.28409)
References: ISTC (CD-ROM, 1998 ed.), it00155000
References: Walsh, J.E. 15th cent. printed books, 3314-3315

Subject:Botany -- Pre-Linnean works.

Place:Hierarchical: Italy -- Treviso.

Author / Creator:Confalonieri, Bartolomeo, active 1478-1483 [printer];
Fumanelli, Antonio, active 16th century [former owner];
Bowie, Richard Ashhurst, 1836-1887 [former owner]

HOLLIS Number:008415440

Creation Date:20 February 1483]

Permalink:http://id.lib.harvard.edu/aleph/008415440/catalog

Source:HVD ALEPH

2-2

Title:Enquiry into plants : and minor works on odours and weather signs

Title:Inquiry into plants. English & Greek

Attribution:Theophrastus ; with an English translation by Sir Arthur Hort.

Author / Creator:Theophrastus.

Published:London : W. Heinemann ; Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard University Press, 1916-1926.

Description:2 v. : ill. ; 17 cm.

Language:English; Greek, Ancient (to 1453)

Notes:Greek and English on opposite pages.
Includes index.
Bibliography: v. 1, p. xiii-xx.

Subject:Botany -- Pre-Linnean works.

Author / Creator:Hort, Arthur, Sir, 1864-1935.

Other title / series:The Loeb classical library

Identifier: ISBN 0674990889 (v. 2 : American); ISBN 0434990795 (v. 2 : British); ISBN 9780674990883; ISBN 9780434990795

HOLLIS Number:001613572

Creation Date:1916-1926

Permalink:http://id.lib.harvard.edu/aleph/001613572/catalog

Source:HVD ALEPH

2-3

Title:Enquiry into plants

Attribution:Theophrastus ; with an English translation by Arthur F. Hort.

Author / Creator:Theophrastus [author]

Published:Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press, 2014.

Description:1 online resource

Summary:Enquiry into Plants and De Causis Plantarum by Theophrastus (c. 370-c. 285 BCE) are a counterpart to Aristotle's zoological work and the most important botanical work of antiquity now extant. In the former Theophrastus classifies and describes. His On Odours and Weather Signs are minor treatises. Theophrastus of Eresus in Lesbos, born about 370 BCE, is the author of the most important botanical works that have survived from classical antiquity. He was in turn student, collaborator, and successor of Aristotle. Like his predecessor he was interested in all aspects of human knowledge and experience, especially natural science. His writings on plants form a counterpart to Aristotle's zoological works. In the Enquiry into Plants Theophrastus classifies and describes varieties--covering trees, plants of particular regions, shrubs, herbaceous plants, and cereals; in the last of the nine books he focuses on plant juices and medicinal properties of herbs. The Loeb Classical Library edition is in two volumes; the second contains two additional treatises: On Odours and Weather Signs. In De Causis Plantarum Theophrastus turns to plant physiology. Books One and Two are concerned with generation, sprouting, flowering and fruiting, and the effects of climate. In Books Three and Four Theophrastus studies cultivation and agricultural methods. In Books Five and Six he discusses plant breeding; diseases and other causes of death; and distinctive flavours and odours. Theophrastus's celebrated Characters is of a quite different nature. This collection of descriptive sketches is the earliest known character-writing and a striking reflection of contemporary life.

Language:English; Greek, Ancient (to 1453)

Notes:Includes indexes.
Mode of access: World Wide Web.
Text in Greek with English translation on facing pages.
Description based on print version record.

Subject:Botany -- Pre-Linnean works.

Author / Creator:Hort, Arthur, Sir, 1864-1935 [translator]

Contents:v. I. Books 1-5 -- volume II. Books 6-9. On odours. Weather signs.

Other title / series:Loeb classical library ; 70, 79.

Series:Loeb classical library ; 70, 79

HOLLIS Number:014426461

Creation Date:2014

Permalink:http://id.lib.harvard.edu/aleph/014426461/catalog

Source:HVD ALEPH

∮3 De Causis Plantarum

3-1

Title: De causis plantarum : in three volumes

Title:De causis plantarum. English & Greek

Attribution:Theophrastus ; with an English translation by Benedict Einarson and George K. K. Link.

Author / Creator:Theophrastus.

Published:London : Heinemann ; Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard University Press, 1976-1990.

Description:3 v. ; 17 cm.

Summary:Enquiry into Plants and De Causis Plantarum by Theophrastus (c. 370-c. 285 BCE) are a counterpart to Aristotle's zoological work and the most important botanical work of antiquity now extant. In the latter Theophrastus turns to plant physiology. Theophrastus of Eresus in Lesbos, born about 370 BCE, is the author of the most important botanical works that have survived from classical antiquity. He was in turn student, collaborator, and successor of Aristotle. Like his predecessor he was interested in all aspects of human knowledge and experience, especially natural science. His writings on plants form a counterpart to Aristotle's zoological works. In the Enquiry into Plants Theophrastus classifies and describes varieties--covering trees, plants of particular regions, shrubs, herbaceous plants, and cereals; in the last of the nine books he focuses on plant juices and medicinal properties of herbs. The Loeb Classical Library edition is in two volumes; the second contains two additional treatises: On Odours and Weather Signs. In De Causis Plantarum Theophrastus turns to plant physiology. Books One and Two are concerned with generation, sprouting, flowering and fruiting, and the effects of climate. In Books Three and Four Theophrastus studies cultivation and agricultural methods. In Books Five and Six he discusses plant breeding; diseases and other causes of death; and distinctive flavours and odours. Theophrastus's celebrated Characters is of a quite different nature. This collection of descriptive sketches is the earliest known character-writing and a striking reflection of contemporary life.

Language:English; Greek, Modern (1453-)

Notes:Includes bibliographical references.

Subject:Botany -- Pre-Linnean works.

Form / Genre:Early works.

Author / Creator:Einarson, Benedict, 1906-;
Link, George K. K. (George Konrad Karl), 1888-

Contents:v.1: Books I-II. v.2: Books III-IV. v.3: Books V-VI.

Other title / series:Loeb classical library;
Loeb classical library.

Identifier: ISBN 0674995198 (Harvard : v. 1); ISBN 0674995236 (Harvard : v. 2); ISBN 0674995244 (Harvard : v. 3); ISBN 9780674995192; ISBN 9780674995239; ISBN 9780674995246

HOLLIS Number:000837757

Creation Date:1976-1990

Permalink:http://id.lib.harvard.edu/aleph/000837757/catalog

Source:HVD ALEPH

3-2

Title: Theophrastus on plant flavors and odors : studies on the philosophical and scientific significance of DeCausis Plantarum VI : accompanied by translation and notes

Attribution:George Raynor Thompson.

Author / Creator:Thompson, George Raynor.

Published:1941.

Description:319 leaves.

Language:English

Notes:Includes bibliographical references.
Thesis note: Thesis (Ph. D.)--Princeton University, 1941.

Subject:Theophrastus. -- De causis plantarum. -- Book 6.;
Botany -- Pre-Linnean works.;
Food -- Sensory evaluation.;
Feeds -- Flavor and odor.

Form / Genre:Early works.

Author / Creator:Theophrastus. De causis plantarum. Book 6. English.

HOLLIS Number:007583764

Creation Date:1941

Permalink:http://id.lib.harvard.edu/aleph/007583764/catalog

Source:HVD ALEPH

∮4 Theophrastus and the origin of plant morphology and anatomy

Theophrastus obtained much of his plant knowledge largely from the Lyceum garden. Part I of Enquiry into Plants contains plant anatomy. “We must consider the distinctive characters and the general nature of plants from the point of view of their morphology, their behaviour under external conditions, their mode of generation and the whole course of their life”.

It is amazing that Theophrastus described gross internal anatomy of stems, roots, and leaves. Plants consist of bark, wood, and pith when pith is present.

Fig.2. The fruits of hawthorn from China (Cited from 張瓏: 山楂紅了)

Theophrastus described about 480 plants in detail. Theophrastus coined lots of terms. Some terms remain in use even today. For example, Crataegus is the genus name of hawthorn in the family of Rosaceae, etymologically originating from the ancient Greek name Krataigos, which was coined by Theophrastus to describe a strong and thorny flowering plant. Krataigos is a combination of two Greek words kratus and akakia or akis. The former means “strong” while the latter indicating “thorn.”

Theophrastus made several important botanical distinctions and observations regarding annuals, perennials, or biennials; monocotyledons or dicotyledons. He also noted the difference of determinate and indeterminate growth and details of floral structure including the degree of fusion of the petals, position of the ovary and more. These gorgeous observations are shown that Theophrastus made great contribution to the origin of plant morphology, anatomy, physiology, etc.

------------------

Qigao Sun (孫啟高 2016年元月13日初步整理)

植物形態解剖學: Neo & Paleo-植物學（1）

結構植物學: Neo & Paleo-植物學(1)

Morphology & Anatomy: Neobotany+Paleobotany(No.1)

Structure Botany: Neobotany+Paleobotany(No.1)