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時代周刊:供人直接食用的轉基因糧食知多少?

(2017-08-11 07:50:44) 下一個

大家知道,目前世界上最廣泛種植的轉基因食品,是玉米和大豆。但根據《時代周刊》2015年的介紹,實際上作為糧食直接供人食用的隻占很少的比例。

USDA Approved Genetically Modified Crops

Produced in US Not currently produced
TobaccoCichorium IntybusSugarbeetPlumAppleFlaxRoseRiceAlfalfaCanolaBeetSquashPapayaPotatoRapeseedTomatoCottonSoybeanCorn05101520253011111112222226710162033

轉基因玉米大多用於飼料,其次是玉米糖漿和玉米澱粉。超市裏買的整根玉米棒子(corn on cob),則很少有轉基因產品 http://www.ewg.org/enviroblog/2014/04/corn。2013年的一項調查,美國超市71例調查,隻有2例是轉基因玉米。

http://www.foe.org/news/news-releases/2013-11-new-study-gmo-sweet-corn-rare-in-us-supermarkets  

"Only two corn samples out of 71 (2.4 percent) tested positive as genetically engineered. Both were confirmed to be Monsanto Seminis® Performance Series™ sweet corn."

轉基因大豆則多用於飼料和豆油。盡管在美國,家庭烹飪用豆油的很少,但在快餐店和各種零食的加工中卻用量很大,以至於占到植物油總用量的60%。

 

1. Corn

Genetically modified corn turns up in many different products in the U.S. — and corn on the cob is the least of it. This crop is used to produce many different ingredients used in processed foods and drinks, including high-fructose corn syrup and corn starch. But the bulk of the GM corn grown around the world is used to feed livestock. Some is also converted into biofuels.

33 Genetically Modified Varieties

2. Soybeans

The second largest U.S. crop after corn, GM soy is used primarily in animal feed and in soybean oil—which is widely used for processed foods and in restaurant chains. In fact, soybean oil accounts for 61% of Americans' vegetable-oil consumption. It's also often used to make an emulsifier called soy lecithin, which is present in a lot of processed foods, including dark chocolate bars and candy.

20 Genetically Modified Varieties

那麽我們中國大量引進轉基因大豆是否合理呢?我覺得還是要采取謹慎前行的態度。畢竟中國人的豆製品消費量比美國人大得多,而在美國轉基因大豆主要是作輔助原料和飼料用的。此外,個人覺得,美國轉基因豆油的味道,跟我國東北豆油的味道,真的是相差懸殊。從一個吃貨的角度,俺怎麽也不能接受國內豆油全部變成轉基因滴。俺家領導還發現,轉基因的大豆發豆芽做豆腐的產率都遠低於非轉基因的大豆,從這點上說,轉基因反而是個劣勢。

此外,轉基因土豆盡管存在,但尚未進入食品市場。而轉基因棉花,大家又不會吃進肚子裏,就無所謂了。

以下英文版轉自 http://time.com/3840073/gmo-food-charts/ 

These Charts Show Every Genetically Modified Food People Already Eat in the U.S.

TIME Health
For more, visit TIME Health.

Chipotle announced Monday that the chain will no longer serve food containing genetically modified organisms (GMO), raising the bar for transparency in the United States, where there's no requirement to indicate the presence of GMO ingredients on food labels or in restaurants. Likewise, biotechnology companies aren't required to report which genetically modified seeds are used in production.

Yet the use of GMOs is undoubtedly widespread. Since GMOs were approved for commercial use, and then first planted into U.S. soil in 1996, their production has increased dramatically. More than 90% of all soybean cotton and corn acreage in the U.S. is used to grow genetically engineered crops. Other popular and approved food crops include sugar beets, alfalfa, canola, papaya and summer squash. More recently, apples that don't brown and bruise-free potatoes were also approved by the FDA.

 

Adoption of GMO Crops in the US, 1996-2014

1996199820002002200420062008201020122014% Farmland Per Crop0102030405060708090100Bt Corn80Bt Cotton84Ht Cotton91Ht Soybeans94Ht Corn89
Ht: Herbicide-tolerant  Bt: Insect-resistant

It's also instructive to look at permits granted by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) — the American GMO gatekeepers, together with the Environmental Protection Agency – though it's important to note that not all the issued permits are for crops that are approved for commercial use.

 

To produce crops commercially, biotech companies apply for "deregulated status", the green light from the USDA to plant and distribute without restriction.

The bar chart below shows all deregulated crops, sized by the number of genetic varieties approved for each. The ten crops in green are currently produced in the United States, and described in detail in the list below.

3. Cotton

Much of GM cotton is turned into cottonseed oil, which is used for frying in restaurants and in packaged foods like potato chips, oily spreads like margarine, even things like cans of smoked oysters. Some parts of the plant are also used in animal feed, and what's left over can be used to create food fillers such as cellulose.

16 Genetically Modified Varieties

4. Potatoes

A new kid on the block, the very recently approved GM crop is resistant to bruising and may produce less of a cancer-causing chemical, called acrylamide, when exposed to high heat. It has not yet seen adoption in the food supply, but is expected to be.

6 Genetically Modified Varieties

5. Papaya

Bred to withstand ringspot virus, which can destroy papaya plants, these genetically engineered 'Rainbow Papayas' were first commercially produced in the late 1990s. Much of the yield is grown in Hawaii.

2 Genetically Modified Varieties

6. Squash

Zucchini and yellow summer squash have been commercially available in the U.S. since the mid- to late-'90s, though GM squash accounts for just 25,000 acres of farmland, by some estimates.

2 Genetically Modified Varieties

7. Canola

GM canola is used to make oil for cooking, as well as margarine. It's also used to produce emulsifiers that are used in packaged foods. By some estimates, 90% of canola grown in the U.S. and Canada is GM.

2 Genetically Modified Varieties

8. Alfalfa

In a controversial decision in 2011, the FDA approved the commercial use of GM alfalfa that contains a gene making it resistant to herbicide. The crop is used mainly as hay for cattle.

2 Genetically Modified Varieties

9. Apples

Another newly approved crop, this apple from a Canadian biotech company does not brown even after it's been sliced. It recently received FDA approval. The agency said it is safe to eat, which means they may appear on supermarket shelves.

1 Genetically Modified Variety

10. Sugar Beets

More than half the granulated sugar in the United States comes from GM sugar beets, which have been in production since 2008. Though their use was temporarily halted due to safety concerns, production resumed in 2011.

1 Genetically Modified Variety

Methodology

GM crops produced in the U.S. are listed at the International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-biotech. Deregulated crops are tracked at the USDA's Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service.

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