1. QE的定義
2. 誰得到了QE的錢?
3. 怎麽樣才能拿到 QE 的錢?
4. MBS 和 Treasury notes
5. QE 的錢是用來做什麽的?
6. QE 的利弊
7. 結論
1. QE的定義
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantitative_easing
A central bank implements quantitative easing by buying specified amounts of long term financial assets from commercial banks and other private institutions, thus increasing the monetary base and lowering the yield on those financial assets. This is distinguished from the more usual policy of buying or selling government bonds in order to keep interbank interest rates at a specified target value.
這裏說的是,通過從商業銀行及其他私營機構買入 長期 金融資產,增加貨幣量,降低那些長期 金融資產的收益率。
中文Wiki是這麽翻的:其操作是中央銀行通過公開市場操作購入證券等,使銀行在央行開設的結算戶口內的資金增加,為銀行體係注入新的流通性。
http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%8C%96%E5%AF%AC%E9%AC%86 (12/2013)
2. 誰得到了QE的錢?
誰是英文版本裏的‘commercial banks and other private institutions’ (商業銀行和私營機構)?你不會以為誰都可以拿到QE的錢吧?事實上隻有附圖所示的18家機構有資格交易。 是不是很眼熟?
來源: http://ciovaccocapital.com/videos/qe/qevideopartfive.html
3. 怎麽樣才能弄到 QE 的錢?
靠的是上麵英文定義裏的‘long term financial assets ’。那麽什麽是這些‘金融財政資產’呢?金融資產包括銀行存款,債券,股票,衍生金融工具等。第二張圖我們可以知道QE買的是什麽金融資產。
有什麽觀感?
一樓第二張圖詳細說明了QE1-QE3的規模以及去向。 Treasury security ($2.2Trillion)是回購的政府債券。 MBS($1.4Trillion, Mortgage-backed securities )是通過摸給機抵押的債券。你買了房,或者refinanced 你以前的高利率的貸款,你按現在的利率每月給銀行付錢。 銀行把你和其他人的摸給機打個包成了MBS,Fed把銀行的這個MBS買下來。 銀行手裏就又有了錢,可以繼續去周轉賺錢。
Treasury security 是國債,國家通過花街發債券籌資。各機構買了國債,現在可以賣給Fed,手裏有錢,又可以周轉去賺錢。
當然,Fed買這些東西的來源都是thin air,憑空造的,所謂的‘空手套白狼‘印錢。FED怎麽作到的?我不清楚細節,但是可以想像他們設立了一個‘清風’賬戶,可以從這個賬戶裏借了無限的美元。買的這些債券到期後,財政部回來還美元換回這些債券,然後再清空這個‘清風’賬戶。當然了,美國現在的年赤字就是1萬億,想讓他們還錢,是一個小概率事件。所以FED這些債券將來如何消失是一個有意思的事情,這大概是為什麽有人吵吵著要查FED賬的原因吧。
來源: http://www.federalreserve.gov/releases/h41/Current/
這是英文版的詳細介紹:
United States QE1, QE2, and QE3
The US Federal Reserve held between $700 billion and $800 billion of Treasury notes on its balance sheet before the recession. In late November 2008, the Federal Reserve started buying $600 billion in mortgage-backed securities. By March 2009, it held $1.75 trillion of bank debt, mortgage-backed securities, and Treasury notes, and reached a peak of $2.1 trillion in June 2010. After the halt in June, holdings started falling naturally as debt matured and were projected to fall to $1.7 trillion by 2012. The Fed's revised goal became to keep holdings at $2.054 trillion. To maintain that level, the Fed bought $30 billion in two- to ten-year Treasury notes every month.
In November 2010, the Fed announced a second round of quantitative easing, buying $600 billion of Treasury securities by the end of the second quarter of 2011. The expression "QE2" became a ubiquitous nickname in 2010, used to refer to this second round of quantitative easing by US central banks. Retrospectively, the round of quantitative easing preceding QE2 was called "QE1". Similarly, "QE3" refers to the third round of quantitative easing following QE2.
A third round of quantitative easing, QE3, was announced on 13 September 2012. In an 11–1 vote, the Federal Reserve decided to launch a new $40 billion per month, open-ended bond purchasing program of agency mortgage-backed securities. Additionally, the Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) announced that it would likely maintain the federal funds rate near zero "at least through 2015." According to NASDAQ.com, this is effectively a stimulus program that allows the Federal Reserve to relieve $40 billion per month of commercial housing market debt risk. Because of its open-ended nature, QE3 has earned the popular nickname of "QE-Infinity." On 12 December 2012, the FOMC announced an increase in the amount of open-ended purchases from $40 billion to $85 billion per month.
4. MBS 和 Treasury notes
這裏先提一下QE裏Treasury notes 和 mortgage-backed securities 的差別。
MBS是高度杠杆化金融產品。你的膜給雞隻需要最多20%預付款,銀行拿到你20%的預付款,卻去發行100%的債券,這就是5倍的杠杆。就是說你用2800億本金,交到銀行手裏,買了1.4萬億的房子。銀行用你的膜給雞,再到到FED那周轉一下,到手1.4萬億給賣家。 這個過程中FED從清風印出1.4萬億美金。銀行手裏多了你的2800億定金,外加中間掙的手續費。當然,賣家拿到了1.4萬億資金,還會在銀行或其他機構裏周轉。FED手裏拿著這1.4萬億的MBS,年利息3%-4%。一旦房價下跌,買房的人就會有違約的衝動。一旦forclosure,這個房子所屬的MBS就會虧損。比如説2008這次危機,很多房子價格跌了2/3, 那MBS至少也得虧一半。所以FED印錢買風
險如此之高的帶杠杆的產品,實在是一步險中求勝之招,賭的是房價隻升不跌。當然了,有人會問保險公司會補償損失的。不過上一輪危機最先倒的就是保險公司。 那誰怎麽說的?信保險公司,老母豬也會上樹。
而發在Treasury notes 上的2.2萬億就又是另一個故事了:按理說,Treasury notes 是‘國家’發行的債券,‘國家’作擔保,信用度那可是極高,按照傳統觀念理解,相當於美元現金外加利息。可是當今著世界變化快,如果真是好東西的話應該大家搶著要啊,為什麽需要FED印錢來買呢?既然要FED出麵,就是說要麽別人都沒有現金,要麽就是即使有現金,也不來買國債 ---或者是因為風險太高,或者是國債利息太低。我更傾向於認為現在美債沒人買的主要原因是風險太高。思路是這樣的:美國和天朝不一樣的地方是這裏的政客是選票選出來的,為了上台,要麽許諾福利,要麽許諾減稅。國債正常的話,或者從常識來理解的話,是要用老百姓的稅來還的,現在的赤字以及積累下來的巨額債務,要麽得減福利,要麽得加稅,債務才能減少或還清。但是這幫政客上了台,互相扯皮,既無法減福利,也無法加稅,那麽還有一條捷徑就是破產,而最潑皮的破產就是破產不清算,債券直接清零。而美國宣布破產的可能性很大,每次的債務天花板的討論就是為這個。破產的話倒黴的就是買債券的人,這就是為什麽美債風險太高的原因。
5. QE 的錢是用來做什麽的?
從上麵的的介紹我們知道,QE從2008年開始,買的是國債和膜給雞抵押債券。這顯然是為政府的巨額赤字和當年房地產的巨額爛汙量身打造的。
第一個渠道,政府拿去燒了。 比如說花幾億做一個沒法用的健保網站,然後再花幾億讓它半死不活的運行起來。估計最後還得在來道法令把它廢了。嘿嘿,開個玩笑,錢不可能被燒掉的,隻是從一部分人手裏到另一部分人手裏而已。上麵說到,FED入市買國債,買誰手裏的國債?買政府現在發行的國債。美國現政權發行的國債在市場上滯銷。所以呢,FED就印錢幫助政府運行。下麵是數字:
美國政府現在(2013年底)的總債務是17萬億美元,2013年的財政赤字是6800億。下麵這個表是O8上台前後的美國政府財政狀況。
Year | Total revenue requested (trillion) |
Total revenue Actual (trillion) |
Total expenditures Requested (trillion) |
Total expenditures Actual (trillion) |
Deficit Requested (billion) | Deficit Actual (billion) | Debt (trillion) |
2007 | 2.57 | 2.73 | 161 | 9 | |||
2008 | 2.7 | 2.9 | 239 | 454.8 | 10.02 | ||
2009 | 2.7 | 2.105 | 3.107 | 3.518 | 407 | 1413 | 11.91 |
2010 | 2.381 | 2.163 | 3.552 | 3.456 | 1171 | 1293 | 13.56 |
2011 | 2.567 | 2.303 | 3.834 | 3.603 | 1645 | 1300 | |
2012 | 2.627 | 2.449 | 3.729 | 3.538 | 1101 | 1089 | |
2013 | 2.902 |
2.77 | 3.803 | 3.45 | 901 | 680 | 17.07 |
2014 | 3.03 | 3.77 | 744 |