糟糕的浪漫
——略談艾略特的《阿爾弗瑞德·普魯弗洛克的情歌》的兩個著名的譯本
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最近讀到王佐良《讀詩隨筆》中對艾略特的介紹。王先生說:“針對浪漫派的優美音調,他選擇了無韻的自由詩作為主要形式,其風格特點是散文化、口語化。針對浪漫派的黃昏、月亮、玫瑰之類,他用新的形象去震驚讀者。”這樣概括艾略特的詩歌我認為是沒有問題的,但接下來他引用了查良鏞先生的翻譯作為證明,這就很有問題了。因為讀到查先生翻譯的“朝天空慢慢鋪展著黃昏”這樣的句子,我很有些困惑。這樣的詩句不正似乎是艾略特所反對的浪漫派的黃昏嗎?它有著一種《青年文摘》或《少女之友》式的浪漫。盡管這樣的浪漫今天充斥中文詩歌的創作和翻譯,並總能引發像傷風一樣廣泛而輕易的感動和喜愛。於是,我找來艾略特的原詩和查先生的完整譯文對照研究了一下。因為這首詩比較長,所以我們隻分析第一段的翻譯吧。
Let us go then, you and I,
When the evening is spread out against the sky
Like a patient etherized upon a table;
Let us go, through certain half-deserted streets,
The muttering retreats
Of restless nights in one-night cheap hotels
And sawdust restaurants with oyster-shells:
Streets that follow like a tedious argument
Of insidious intent
To lead you to an overwhelming question…
Oh, do not ask, “What is it?”
Let us go and make our visit.
查譯:
那麽我們走吧,你我兩個人,
正當朝天空慢慢鋪展著黃昏
好似病人麻醉在手術桌上;
我們走吧,穿過一些半清冷的街,
那兒休憩的場所正人聲喋喋;
有夜夜不寧的下等歇夜旅店
和滿地蚌殼的鋪鋸末的飯館;
街連著街,好象一場討厭的爭議
帶著陰險的意圖
要把你引向一個重大的問題……
唉,不要問,"那是什麽?"
讓我們快點去作客。
*
僅就第一段來看,艾略特的原文的確像王佐良先生介紹的那樣。比如第一句,它很優美,但不是一種浪漫主義的優美,而是一種非常現代的感覺。究其原因在於艾略特所選用的詞匯,這裏的詞不僅都簡單,完全口語化,而且值得注意的是,沒有一個形容詞。所以自然不會有查先生的所謂的“慢慢鋪展著黃昏”這樣的浪漫了。在我看來甚至我們都不應該選用有著形容色彩的“黃昏”一詞來翻譯“evening”,如果我們真正的理解了艾略特的詩意的秘密。但這還不是全部。想要獲得艾略特的這種現代的詩意僅僅簡單是遠遠不夠的。在艾略特貌似簡單的句子裏其實是很有技巧的。首先,他以一種呼喚的語氣開始:Let us go then,隨即接著補充:you and I,雖然非常簡單但具有了一種親切甚至是傷感的情感。這兩個分句都非常簡潔,但簡潔中又有著長短錯落的節奏。而這裏選用的詞的聲音都比較短。接下來他又用了一個舒緩的長句,“When the evening is spread out against the sky”,用詞雖然仍然是最普通的,但聲音較為長而平靜。所以,這樣就產生出詩的節奏和聲音,那是一種冷清平靜中透露出傷感的詩意。而這又是另一個著名翻譯裘小龍的譯本沒有能夠體現出來的。
裘譯:
那麽讓我們走吧,我和你,
當暮色蔓延在天際
象一個病人上了乙醚,躺在手術台上;
讓我們走吧,穿過某些半是冷落的街,
不安息的夜喃喃有聲地撤退,
撤入隻宿一宵的便宜旅店,
以及滿地鋸末和牡蠣殼的飯館:
緊隨的一條條街象一場用心險惡的
冗長的爭執,
把你帶向一個使人不知所措的問題……
噢,別問,“那是什麽?”
讓我們走,讓我們去作客。
裘小龍接下來的一句翻譯的太短了,是語氣的短促。這使得裘譯的這兩句詩顯得有些潦草而缺乏感情,和艾略特原詩的氣質相去甚遠。“evening”譯成“暮色”過於文雅。evening是一個非常普通非常口語的詞。而且,把evening翻譯成暮色恐怕也不甚準確。“天際”的翻譯存在同樣的問題。
艾略特隨後用了一個非常突兀、冷硬的手術台上已經麻醉的病人的意象與詩歌的起始形成了強烈的對比。而裘小龍這一句的翻譯不僅比較羅嗦,甚至顯得不倫不類。乙醚是吸入麻醉的,而不是“上藥”。“etherized”的準確翻譯應該是“被麻醉了的”。同樣,在前麵艾略特特說的是:you and I,那麽,為什麽?憑什麽?有什麽必要要把它翻譯成“我和你”呢?
為了研究這一段的翻譯我特地買了裘小龍的譯作《四個四重奏》。然而,對著原文一讀這首詩的翻譯,我就頗為後悔買下這本書了。像這樣的“象一個病人上了乙醚”、“讓我們去作客”的翻譯網上找找就可以了。而且我又對照看了一下四個四重奏的第一段的翻譯,也是讓人不滿意的。可是,他的這個翻譯好像已經成為了今天這首詩的標準譯本。在王先生的同一篇文章裏也被引用。
Time present and time past
Are both perhaps present in time future
And time future contained in time past.
If all time is eternally present
All time is unredeemable.
裘譯:
時間現在和時間過去
也許都存在於時間將來,
而時間將來包容於時間過去。
如果時間都永遠是現在,
所有的時間都不能得到拯救。
我的翻譯:
時間的現在和時間的過去
都是也許存在於時間的未來
而時間的未來包容著時間的過去。
假若全部的時間是永恒的現在
全部的時間便無法救贖。
*
我們再看第三行的“Let us go, through certain half-deserted streets”和最後一行“Let us go and make our visit”“let us go”的結構變化了。這種變化在查先生的譯本中消失了,而裘小龍注意到這裏有一個逐漸加強的催促的感覺,因此他做了這樣的處理把第三行的“let us go”翻譯成:“讓我們走吧”,而最後的“let us go”翻譯成“讓我們走”。裘小龍的翻譯在這裏顯示出中文獨特的優勢。英文似乎沒有別的辦法。所以,裘的這個處理也是可以接受的。但兩人把“half-deserted”翻譯成“半清冷”和“半是冷落“則或許就屬於對艾略特的理解的問題。並且,冷落似乎比冷清更不恰當。我認為這裏應該翻譯成“幾近荒廢”。因為艾略特認為現代文明是一片荒原。而查先生把“certain”翻譯成“一些”是錯譯。同樣,第四、五行查先生也譯錯了。這兩行非常值得深入的討論一下。
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The muttering retreats
Of restless nights in one-night cheap hotels
我認為這一句的結構是:The muttering Of restless nights retreats in one-night cheap hotels And sawdust restaurants with oyster-shells。裘小龍意識到了這種結構的變化,於是在翻譯中把語序調整過來了。可是在翻譯中仍然出錯了。裘小龍的翻譯是:不安息的夜喃喃有聲地撤退。The muttering Of restless nights似乎應該是夜晚的喃喃聲retreats進了廉價旅館。意指隨著夜幕降臨城市街道的喧囂變成了屋子裏的喃喃聲。
“Retreat”這裏不應該翻譯成“撤退”。我過去在研究所時,國外的研究所每年都會組織一次retreat。就是暫時停下工作,去一個風景優美的地方好吃好玩,修整放鬆一下。可是,在好吃好玩的同時還要開組會,報告你的工作進展,描述你的工作的未來的美好前景。西方人對於科學思想文化藝術的追求其實是非常執著的。所以這裏“retreat”翻譯成撤退是不太合適的,此處的本意就是“退入”。但這不是最重要的。最重要的是艾略特這裏創造了一個特殊的結構,而我們的翻譯中這種把這種特殊的立體結構給擼順了。它變成了一根順溜的棍子的結構了。而這樣的事情其實是在我們的翻譯中屢屢的發生著。好像我們隻有把西方詩歌的複雜結構都給擼成一根根棍子才開心,那才是詩歌。可是,這樣我們就永遠不能體會出那些偉大詩人們所創造的這種美妙的敘事結構。我們隻能醉心於一根根光溜溜的棍子了。
其實,我們的祖先在唐朝就已經開始了這種非線性的表達結構的嚐試。在杜審言之前唐朝詩歌的敘述結構多是線性的,而杜審言在極為簡短的五言之中,發展出一種非線性的回複式的敘述結構。他的孫子杜甫又把這種非線性的敘述結構進一步完善,並且擴展到七律。比如這一句:“綰霧青條弱,牽風紫蔓長”就改變了線性敘述結構,而且還使它具有了歧義性,可以說是“柔嫩的綠枝如纏繞的煙霧”,也可以說是清煙似的雲霧纏繞著的綠枝使綠色的嫩枝顯得更加柔弱。同樣在短短的結構中,“攢石當軒倚,懸泉度牖飛”出現了多重的動詞,達到一種獨特的效果。於是,如果我們僅僅從敘事的結構來考慮,像這一句“白露含明月”,就可以有不同的表達方式的可能。我們可以改寫為“露白明月含”,也可以說“白露含月明”。所以,杜甫雖然性格非常溫厚,活著的時候不僅官運糟透了還一直隻是一個二流的詩人,但說過一句非常牛的話,他說,唐朝的詩歌是他們老杜家的事情。這要在今天肯定會讓許多人嘲笑或不屑了。而且,在西方的詩歌中還經常會有一些更突兀的結構,或者更複雜的表達,即便是英美讀者在讀到時一下子也想不明白,他們要停下來想一想。而如果我們把這些難以理解的句子都翻成了容易理解的句子,那麽我們翻譯的就不再是西方的詩歌,而是消除西方的詩歌。所以,這裏我試著保留艾略特的原來的結構,盡管可能會讓習慣了欣賞棍子的讀者感到別扭可笑。
嘟囔的聲音退進了
發自那些躁動的夜晚廉價夜宿的旅店
隨後的一行兩個譯者的理解有所不同。“Streets that follow”。查譯:“街連著街”;裘譯:“緊隨的一條條街”。查良鏞的理解似乎是錯的。而倒數第二行中的“overwhelming question”,裘小龍譯為“使人不知所措的問題”,怎麽會有不知所措的含義呢?如果是使人不知所措,那麽與下一句就有了矛盾。既然不知所措,就不會急著喝止不讓回答。查良鏞譯為“重大的問題”倒有些道理,可是與接下來一句的情急中的製止也缺乏內在合理性。所以,我認為這裏的“overwhelming question”是指迎麵而來、壓倒性的問題,即“無法回避的問題”。
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我的翻譯:
那讓我們走吧,你和我,
當傍晚沿著天空開始散開
像麻醉的病人在手術台上;
讓我們走,穿過某些幾近荒廢的街巷
嘟囔的聲音退進了
發自那些躁動的夜晚廉價的夜宿旅店
和滿地鋸末的餐館到處散落著牡蠣殼
街巷尾隨其後像冗長煩人的爭論
帶著陰險的意圖
要把你引向一個無法回避的問題
噢,別問,“這是什麽?”
讓我們走且去完成我們的造訪。
*
關於“sawdust restaurant”這個詞,我們可能會覺得有些奇怪。英文中還有一個詞組,spit-and- sawdust ,形容髒亂的環境。所以,這樣你可能就容易理解,sawdust restaurant指的是髒亂的小酒館。
實際上,早先大約在19世紀末,美國許多餐館還有肉鋪都流行在地上鋪撒木屑。當時有專門的商人出售木屑給這些地方。那時美國的餐館主要是男人用餐。屋子裏煙霧彌漫,燈光刺眼,地上鋪著髒兮兮的鋸末,牆上桌子上都油膩膩的。那些木屑容易著火,又滋生細菌。後來隨著現代衛生學的發展,越來越多的人呼籲不要往地上撒木屑了。但是,積重難返。到了40年代美國出現了一些針對女性顧客的餐館,那裏采用了不撒木屑的清潔的地板和幹淨的牆麵,柔和的光線,優雅的音樂,但這樣的典雅的環境不曾想反倒刺激了傳統餐館堅持鋪撒木屑以及在室內使用刺眼的強光和轟響的音樂,造成陽剛的風格和女性餐館相區別以吸引男性顧客。結果這個明顯不好的習慣卻始終難以根除,屢禁不止最後竟然要FDA,即大名鼎鼎的美國藥品、食品監督管理局,親自出馬,以法律形式禁止餐飲業地麵鋪撒木屑的做法。這真令人吃驚,而且這一禁令竟然是在1976年才頒布的。我在讀這首詩時對這個詞也是一頭霧水不知道是怎麽回事。雖然在美國也生活過幾年,而且可以拍著我的良心說,那幾年出去吃飯我去的地方可都是下等的小餐館,但也從來不知道還有這麽一檔子事。時代變化真是越來越快。人們越來越忙著向前看而模糊了曆史。許多以前習以為常的東西新一代人就會完全不知道了。我總覺得未來的機器人可能不會對考古和研究曆史有什麽興趣。幾年前在悉尼時,我曾遇到過一個醫科院的大男孩。美澳醫科院的孩子可都是層層選拔高智商超勤奮的人才。可是,這個頭腦簡單的大男孩聽到我每天晚上要洗許多碗時感到很困惑。因為,這個傻孩子以為這個世界上從新石器時代起家家戶戶每天晚上大吃大喝之後就把杯子盤子碗碟子刀叉筷勺往洗碗機裏一塞,然後一按開關就可以抱著可樂去看電視了。不過,當年美國男人就願意去地上鋪上髒兮兮木屑的餐廳,我倒也可以理解。男人嘛,都是很粗糙的。我自己就喜歡坐在油膩膩髒兮兮的小鋪子裏吃碗炒肝或者驢肉火燒,再來上一盤驢悶子和一碗冒著熱氣的驢雜湯,感覺驢真的很不幸,而生活真的太美好。總之,吃哪兒哪兒香。太幹淨的餐廳吃飯就沒味道了。所以,窮有窮的樂趣,花錢也不一定能買到。這不是錢的事,要有足夠的修養。
就像現在我又發展到自己用手洗衣服,覺得別有樂趣。時代在加速向前發展,而我在邁著平穩的步子向相反的方向走去,走回到過去,感覺超神奇。我並不喜歡與時俱進。和時代唱反調嗎?這不是複古的情調。我不喜歡這兩個太小資的詞匯。我喜歡一個更粗曠的表達:這是倒行逆施的快樂。藐視庸俗的成功,追求失敗的快樂。人固有一死。這也是一種人生的自由。當然啦,我承認我說的都是半玩笑。
*
So let us go now, just you and I,
When the evening is spread out against the sky.
讓我們走吧,隻有你和我,
當彩霞在天際開始燃燒,
讓我們走,腳踏大地,
走進深夜的畫幕,手拉手。
夜晚城市的燈火,曾像銀河一樣
在我們的周圍閃爍。
立
2018/12/3
The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock
T. S. Eliot, 1888 - 1965
S’io credesse che mia risposta fosse
A persona che mai tornasse al mondo,
Questa fiamma staria senza piu scosse.
Ma perciocche giammai di questo fondo
Non torno vivo alcun, s’i’odo il vero,
Senza tema d’infamia ti rispondo.
Let us go then, you and I,
When the evening is spread out against the sky
Like a patient etherized upon a table;
Let us go, through certain half-deserted streets,
The muttering retreats
Of restless nights in one-night cheap hotels
And sawdust restaurants with oyster-shells:
Streets that follow like a tedious argument
Of insidious intent
To lead you to an overwhelming question…
Oh, do not ask, “What is it?”
Let us go and make our visit.
In the room the women come and go
Talking of Michelangelo.
The yellow fog that rubs its back upon the window-panes,
The yellow smoke that rubs its muzzle on the window-panes
Licked its tongue into the corners of the evening,
Lingered upon the pools that stand in drains,
Let fall upon its back the soot that falls from chimneys,
Slipped by the terrace, made a sudden leap,
And seeing that it was a soft October night,
Curled once about the house, and fell asleep.
And indeed there will be time
For the yellow smoke that slides along the street,
Rubbing its back upon the window-panes;
There will be time, there will be time
To prepare a face to meet the faces that you meet;
There will be time to murder and create,
And time for all the works and days of hands
That lift and drop a question on your plate;
Time for you and time for me,
And time yet for a hundred indecisions,
And for a hundred visions and revisions,
Before the taking of a toast and tea.
In the room the women come and go
Talking of Michelangelo.
And indeed there will be time
To wonder, “Do I dare?” and, “Do I dare?”
Time to turn back and descend the stair,
With a bald spot in the middle of my hair—
[They will say: “How his hair is growing thin!”]
My morning coat, my collar mounting firmly to the chin,
My necktie rich and modest, but asserted by a simple pin—
[They will say: “But how his arms and legs are thin!”]
Do I dare
Disturb the universe?
In a minute there is time
For decisions and revisions which a minute will reverse.
For I have known them all already, known them all—
Have known the evenings, mornings, afternoons,
I have measured out my life with coffee spoons;
I know the voices dying with a dying fall
Beneath the music from a farther room.
So how should I presume?
And I have known the eyes already, known them all—
The eyes that fix you in a formulated phrase,
And when I am formulated, sprawling on a pin,
When I am pinned and wriggling on the wall,
Then how should I begin
To spit out all the butt-ends of my days and ways?
And how should I presume?
And I have known the arms already, known them all—
Arms that are braceleted and white and bare
[But in the lamplight, downed with light brown hair!]
Is it perfume from a dress
That makes me so digress?
Arms that lie along a table, or wrap about a shawl.
And should I then presume?
And how should I begin?
. . . . .
Shall I say, I have gone at dusk through narrow streets
And watched the smoke that rises from the pipes
Of lonely men in shirt-sleeves, leaning out of windows? …
I should have been a pair of ragged claws
Scuttling across the floors of silent seas.
. . . . .
And the afternoon, the evening, sleeps so peacefully!
Smoothed by long fingers,
Asleep… tired… or it malingers,
Stretched on the floor, here beside you and me.
Should I, after tea and cakes and ices,
Have the strength to force the moment to its crisis?
But though I have wept and fasted, wept and prayed,
Though I have seen my head [grown slightly bald] brought in upon a platter,
I am no prophet—and here’s no great matter;
I have seen the moment of my greatness flicker,
And I have seen the eternal Footman hold my coat, and snicker,
And in short, I was afraid.
And would it have been worth it, after all,
After the cups, the marmalade, the tea,
Among the porcelain, among some talk of you and me,
Would it have been worth while,
To have bitten off the matter with a smile,
To have squeezed the universe into a ball
To roll it toward some overwhelming question,
To say: “I am Lazarus, come from the dead,
Come back to tell you all, I shall tell you all”—
If one, settling a pillow by her head,
Should say: “That is not what I meant at all.
That is not it, at all.”
And would it have been worth it, after all,
Would it have been worth while,
After the sunsets and the dooryards and the sprinkled streets,
After the novels, after the teacups, after the skirts that trail along the floor—
And this, and so much more?—
It is impossible to say just what I mean!
But as if a magic lantern threw the nerves in patterns on a screen:
Would it have been worth while
If one, settling a pillow or throwing off a shawl,
And turning toward the window, should say:
“That is not it at all,
That is not what I meant, at all.”
. . . . .
No! I am not Prince Hamlet, nor was meant to be;
Am an attendant lord, one that will do
To swell a progress, start a scene or two,
Advise the prince; no doubt, an easy tool,
Deferential, glad to be of use,
Politic, cautious, and meticulous;
Full of high sentence, but a bit obtuse;
At times, indeed, almost ridiculous—
Almost, at times, the Fool.
I grow old… I grow old…
I shall wear the bottoms of my trousers rolled.
Shall I part my hair behind? Do I dare to eat a peach?
I shall wear white flannel trousers, and walk upon the beach.
I have heard the mermaids singing, each to each.
I do not think that they will sing to me.
I have seen them riding seaward on the waves
Combing the white hair of the waves blown back
When the wind blows the water white and black.
We have lingered in the chambers of the sea
By sea-girls wreathed with seaweed red and brown
Till human voices wake us, and we drown.