151. be apt to do sth/be apt to be sth : to be likely to do something or to often do something
-... because juries in inner cities are less apt to believe police and more apt to believe that police can and do mistreat citizens.
-She's in her eighties now and apt to be a bit forgetful.
-“Young men are apt to think themselves wise enough, as drunken men are apt to think themselves sober enough.” by Chesterfield, Lord.
-“We are apt to close our eyes against a painful truth”
-They offer three reasons to account for the fact that we're less apt to help when more people are in the area: First, we may get a case of stage fright, fearing to appear foolish if it turns out no help was really necessary. Second, we may conclude from the fact that other people aren't helping that there's really no need for us to intervene either. Finally, the responsibility for doing something is shared by everyone present, so we don't feel a personal obligation to get involved.
-In a heated argument we are apt to lose sight of the truth.
-“A man nearly always loves for other reasons than he thinks. A lover is apt to be as full of secrets from himself as is the object of his love from him.”
-"Unlimited power is apt to corrupt the minds of those who possess it" by William Pitt, the Elder.
-"Power tends to corrupt, and absolute power corrupts absolutely. Great men are almost always bad men." by John Emerich Edward Dalberg Acton, first Baron Acton (1834–1902).
152. run amok: to be out of control and act in a wild or dangerous manner; go crazy
-The army ran amok after one of its senior officers was killed.
-The two dogs ran amok in a school playground.
153. restraint: something which limits the freedom of someone or something, or which prevents something from growing or increasing
-Some believe that police power should have no restraints.
-government spending restraints
-Lack of space is the main restraint on the firm's expansion plans.
-During the recession, the government opted for a policy of pay/wage restraint rather than a reduction in public investment.
154. defy: to refuse to obey a person, decision, law, situation, etc.
-Children openly defying their teachers
-A few workers have defied the majority decision and gone into work despite the strike.
-The fact that aircraft don't fall out of the sky always seems to me to defy (= act against) the law of gravity.
-A forest fire raging in the south of France is defying (= is not changed by) all attempts to control it.
-... and those who defy police or commit a crime
155. the opposing camp: 反對派，觀點對立的一方
-The opposing camp believes that police officers are all fascist instruments of state power who look for ways to abuse and oppress citizens.
-The hyperlink to the hearing is at: http://www.veterans.house.gov/hearings/hearing.aspx?NewsID=525. Filner's introductory remarks described the opposing schools of thought on what has been a long running debate on the antidepressant suicide issue. One group of advocates believes antidepressants and their side effects cause suicide and related severe side effects in some patients. A common corollary to this view is that over-medication occurs without proper diagnosis for minor or non-existent mental maladies. The opposing camp believes it is "depression" and related underlying disorders that cause suicide, and that it is irresponsible to blame antidepressants for suicidality given that such talk scares patients from taking what may be life saving treatment. (http://www.donfarber.com/VeteranSuicide.html)
156. These men and women usually do not appear in newspapers or on the evening news, but they pay the price for the few who do, through decreased public confidence and even public scorn.那些通常不會出現在報紙上或者晚間新聞中的人們，...
157. shape and influence：形成和影響
-What are the perceptions, world views, and values that shape and influence such tolerance for fellow officers' misconduct?
-Factors that shape and influence self-esteem
Self-esteem begins to form in early childhood. Factors that can influence self-esteem include:
-Your own thoughts and perceptions
-How other people react to you
-Experiences at school, work and in the community
-Illness, disability or injury
-Culture
-Religion
-Role and status in society
-Whether we like it or not, all of us come equipped with our own hidden biases. The folks at Tolerance.org, as well as researchers with Harvard University, have put together an interactive – and very insightful – online test to help us unearth the subtle biases that shape and influence our perceptions and actions. Take the sexuality Implicit Association Test (IAT), and then afterwards, check out tolerance.org’s tutorial on prejudice, stereotypes and the social effects of bias. （http://www.change.org/petitions/be-aware-of-the-subtle-biases-that-shape-and-influence-our-perceptions-and-actions）
-These real (and imagined) differences in experience of the legal systems undoubtedly shape and influence people's views of the administration of justice. The evidence is clear that our social experiences based on class, race, and gender were more important than the actual facts of the case.
-The Internet continues to help shape and influence policy: Sixty percent of staffers have gone online to learn about an important policy issue for the first time. And 33 percent have admitted to changing their opinion based on what they have read online – a nearly 200 percent change from 2009.
158. inherent: existing as a natural or basic part of something 固有的，與生俱來的
-There are dangers/risks inherent in almost every sport.
-I have an inherent distrust of lawyers.
-Authority, force, and discretion are elements inherent in the role of a law enforcement officer.
-A degree of lying – you know, white lies, seems to be inherent in all languages and all forms of communication. - by Matthew Lesko
-And one of the frustrating parts, but it's an inherent part of our democracy, is we have separation of powers. -by George Pataki
-I can only think of music as something inherent in every human being – a birthright. Music coordinates mind, body and spirit. - by Yehudi Menuhin
159. premise: an idea or theory on which a statement or action is based
-They had started with the premise that all men are created equal.
-The research project is based on the premise stated earlier.
-The underlying premise is that the mental illness system's over-reliance on medication is perhaps doubling the number of people who become seriously and persistently mentally ill (leaving aside the fact ...)
-We will approach law enforcement with an underlying premise that what drives individual decisions on the part of law enforcement officers and society's reactions to them are derived from a perception of their mission.
-A false premise is an incorrect proposition that forms the basis of a logical syllogism. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_premise)
-A false premise can also be a premise that is poorly or incompletely defined so as to make the conclusion questionable. The following joke from Plato and a Platypus Walk Into a Bar illustrates the point:
"An old cowboy goes into a bar and orders a drink. As he sits there sipping his whiskey, a young lady sits down next to him. ... She says, 'I'm a lesbian. I spend my whole day thinking about women. ...' A little while later, a couple sits down next to the old cowboy and asks him, 'Are you a real cowboy?' He replies, 'I always thought I was, but I just found out I'm a lesbian.'"
The mistake the cowboy makes is that he assumes that the definition of a lesbian is somebody who spends the "whole day thinking about women." The reason the joke works is because in a certain way that definition could apply to lesbians, but it fails to address the point that a lesbian is a homosexual female. The cowboy is neither homosexual nor female, therefore he is not a lesbian.(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_premise)
160. worthiness: 1) when someone or something has qualities that deserve respect or attention
-the worthiness of a project/cause/aim
2) suitability
-She persuaded the board of her worthiness to run the company.
-The commercial got me thinking about what techniques companies use to prove their worthiness to customers and potential customers.
-Police as public servants serve all people, including criminals, and therefore should not make quick judgements about individual's worthiness to receive their services.
