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音樂欣賞， 往事回顧
柏遼茲的《戲劇交響曲 - 羅密歐與朱麗葉》（Roméo et Juliette，symphonie dramatique），以下簡稱“柏遼茲的羅密歐與朱麗葉”，是作曲家的又一部富於創新精神的傑作。
如果說我們上次欣賞的《幻想交響曲》是一部典型的標題交響曲，那麽今天要欣賞的這部“戲劇交響曲”（symphonie dramatique）與標題交響曲又有所不同。她除了有交響樂隊，標題，還有獨唱，合唱，以及相應的劇情；但她又不是音樂會形式的歌劇，而是從話劇中選出幾個片段，在音樂上進行再創作。簡言之，這是一部帶有獨唱，合唱及戲劇情節的交響曲。
“柏遼茲的羅密歐與朱麗葉”的劇情和歌詞並不是出於莎士比亞的原作，而是由法國詩人埃米勒·德尚（Émile Deschamps，1791-1871）根據莎翁的原著編寫的。
整部作品的結構也很新穎，由三大部分共七個分段組成，下麵是各段落的標題及其包含的一些情節的文字提示，這些標題和文字的原文均出自作曲家本人（由於作品中是器樂與合唱及女中音，男高音，男中音三種獨唱交替出現，為了欣賞方便，我在相應的地方加了 [樂隊] ，[合唱]，[女中]，[男高]，[男中] 等注釋。聲樂部分歌詞的英譯見本文附錄，可惜沒有找到歌詞的中譯）：
第一部分：
- 引子（Introduction）:
格鬥 – 騷動（Combats – Tumulte）-
[樂隊]
王子的介入（Intervention du prince）-
[樂隊]
開場 – 宣敘調 – 小諧謔曲（Prologue – Strophes – Scherzetto）
[合唱]，[女中]，[合唱]，[男高]，[合唱]
第二部分：
- 羅密歐獨自一人- 憂傷（Roméo seul – Tristesse）
遠處音樂會與舞會的聲音（Bruits lointains de concert et de bal ）-
凱普萊特家豪華的宴會（Grande fête chez）
[樂隊]
- 愛情場景（Scène d'amour ）
寧靜的夜（Nuit serène）-
凱普萊特家冷落僻靜的花園（Le jardin de Capulet silencieux et déserte）-
凱普萊特家族的小夥子們從舞會中出來，唱著回味舞會音樂的曲調走過（Les jeunes Capulets sortant de la fête en chantant des réminiscences de la musique du bal）。
[樂隊]，[合唱]，[樂隊 – 這裏是主要的愛情場景]
- 諧謔曲：夢的精靈麥布女王（Scherzo: La reine Mab, reine des songes）。
[樂隊]
第三部分：
- 朱麗葉的送葬隊伍：“為死去的少女獻花”（Convoi funèbre de Juliette: "Jetez des fleurs pour la vierge expirée" ）。
[樂隊]，[合唱]，[樂隊]
- 羅密歐在凱普萊特家族墓地（Roméo au tombeau des Capulets）
符咒：朱麗葉醒來 – 神誌不清的快樂，絕望（Invocation: Réveil de Juliette – Joie délirante, désespoir）-
兩位戀人最後的陣痛與死亡（Dernières angoisses et mort des deux amants ）
[樂隊]
- 終曲（Finale）:
墓地上眾人的混亂（La foule accourt au cimetière）-
兩個家族的爭吵（Des Capulets et des Montagus）-
勞倫斯神父的詠歎調（Récitatif et Air du Père Laurence）-
和解的盟誓（Serment de réconciliation Oath）
[合唱]，[男中]，[合唱]
以上關於作品的結構和段落劃分以及作曲家的文字說明，都是根據英文的維基百科；這種劃分與下麵給出的視頻是一致的。全曲用時約 97 - 105 分鍾。
作品的樂隊編製大體與上次欣賞的“幻想交響曲”相似，在當時是很大型的樂隊，包括：短笛一支，英國管一支（由雙簧管演奏者之一兼任），長笛，雙簧管，單簧管，短號（cornet），小號（trumpet）各兩支，長號三支，大管，圓號各四支，低音大號一支，定音鼓兩組，軍鼓兩麵，大鼓一麵，鐃鈸（西樂，定音打擊樂器）一架，豎琴兩架，以及其它弦樂。
除樂隊外，作品的演出還需要女中音，男高音，男低音獨唱各一名，及一個混聲合唱隊。三位獨唱中的女中音和男高音並不是在通常意義上“扮演”劇中人，而是以敘事者的身份講述一些劇情；隻有男中音唱出劇中“勞倫斯神父的詠歎調”。
劇情中男女主角的愛情場景是通過樂隊表達的。對此，柏遼茲曾有過明確說明：“首先，這是一部交響曲，而不是歌劇。其次，這一情節寫成聲樂二重唱，已有成百上千例，而且是由最著名的大師寫的。因此試一下其它表現手法，可以說是既明智又有趣。”（詳見英文維基百科條目。） 在第3段“愛情場景”開頭一段較短的男聲合唱（“凱普萊特家族的小夥子們從舞會中出來，唱著回味舞會音樂的曲調走過”）以後，樂隊以較長的“篇幅”非常細膩地表現了羅密歐與朱麗葉的互動與相愛，主要以木管樂組展示朱麗葉，而以大提琴及其它弦樂展示羅密歐，二者時而交錯對答，時而又重疊在一起。全段旋律柔美，意境甜蜜，可以說是全曲最精華的部分。
“柏遼茲的羅密歐與朱麗葉”以其新穎的“戲劇交響曲”的形式，在整個交響曲曆史上是一部非常獨特，非常優秀的奇葩。
下麵是“柏遼茲的羅密歐與朱麗葉” 的一個音像，是2014年由意大利指揮家丹尼爾·加蒂（Daniele Gatti）指揮法國國家管弦樂團（The Orchestre National de France）演奏的，獨唱者是：
Marianne Crebassa,
Paolo Fanale
Alex Esposito
Berlioz : "Roméo et Juliette" conducted by Daniele Gatti
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zf7kGcB4VSQ&t=766s&ab_channel=FranceMusique
下麵是“柏遼茲的羅密歐與朱麗葉” 音像的另一個版本，2012年由美國指揮家詹姆斯·加菲根（James Gaffigan）指揮荷蘭廣播愛樂樂團（Radio Filharmonisch Orkest），荷蘭廣播合唱團（Groot Omroepkoor）演出：
Berlioz Roméo et Juliette Radio Filharmonisch Orkest Full concert in HD
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SRIie-baG6w&t=4632s
下麵是“柏遼茲的羅密歐與朱麗葉” 的一個音頻版本：由柯林 戴維斯（Colin Davis）指揮倫敦交響樂團（London Symphony Orchestra），約翰·阿爾迪斯合唱團（John Alldis Choir）演出：
Berlioz Roméo Et Juliette, Colin Davis conductor
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rq70kveJxrw&ab_channel=EGmusicOperaProdu%C3%A7%C3%B5es
關於這部作品的更多概況，英文見維基百科：
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rom%C3%A9o_et_Juliette_(Berlioz)
中文見新芭網（可能是所依據作品版本的不同，新芭網關於作品的段落劃分與上文有不同）：
https://www.sin80.com/work/berlioz-romeo-juliet-op17
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附錄：
轉貼：柏遼茲的《戲劇交響曲 - 羅密歐與朱麗葉》分段標題及聲樂部分歌詞的英譯
https://www.chandos.net/chanimages/Booklets/LN0521.pdf
No. 1
Instrumental introduction
Fighting – Disorder – The Prince’s Intervention.
Prologue
Harmonic recitative
Long-buried hatred has reappeared,
as if from hell.
Capulets and Montagues, two enemy families,
have been fighting in Verona.
The Prince, however, has put a stop to
these blood-stained squabbles
by threatening death for anyone who, in spite of his orders,
has recourse to the sword as an arbiter of justice.
In this period of peace a ball is given
by the old head of the Capulets.
Young Romeo, lamenting his ill-fortune,
wanders sadly around the palace.
For he is in love with Juliet, daughter
of his family’s enemies!
The sound of instruments and singing is heard
from the ballroom where the glitter of gold
inspires dancing and happy cheer.
The ball is over, and when the clamour has died down
the weary dancers can be heard
under the colonnades heading home and singing.
Alas, Romeo sighs because
he had to leave Juliet. Suddenly
to breathe again the very air that she breathes
he climbs over the garden wall.
Fair Juliet was already there on her balcony,
and thinking she was alone all night
confesses her love to the night.
Panting with anxious joy
Romeo tells Juliet he is there,
and the flames of love flare up in his heart too.
Strophes
First passion, never forgotten,
first avowals, first promises
between two lovers
beneath Italian stars;
in this warm, motionless air
scented by distant orange trees,
where the nightingale pours out
his endless sighs!
What art, in any language,
could convey your heavenly bliss?
First love! Are you not
beyond the reach of poetry?
Or are you not, in our human exile,
the very poetry
of which Shakespeare himself had the innermost secret
and which he took with him to heaven?
Happy children with hearts ablaze!
Bound in love by the chance
of a single exchange of glances,
sharing the same soul!
Hide it beneath flowers in the darkness,
this divine fire that consumes you;
ecstasy so pure
that its words are tears!
What king could ever match
the pleasure of your chaste bliss?
Happy children! What wealth could afford
even one of your smiles?
Oh, enjoy this cup of honey for ever,
sweeter than the chalices
from which God’s angels, jealous of your pleasures,
taste the joys of heaven.
Return of the Prologue chorus
Romeo’s pallid dreaming soon
sets all his friends laughing.
'My dear,’ says elegant Mercutio,
‘I bet Queen Mab has been with you.’
Vocal scherzetto
Mab, the messenger,
light and slender,
her chariot is an empty nut
made by the joiner squirrel,
a spider’s fingers
wove her harness.
At night the fairy gallops wildly in this tiny carriage
through a page’s brain, making him
dream of mischief
or of a gentle serenade
beneath the tower in moonlight.
Carrying on her way
the little queen lands
on a soldier’s tanned neck…
He is dreaming of cannonfire
and swift swordthrusts,
drums! trumpets! He wakes, then
curses, prays, swearing the while, then back to sleep
and snores with his comrades.
It’s Mab who caused all this carousing,
she too who, in a dream, dresses
the young girl
and takes her to the ball.
But the cock crows, the day dawns,
and Mab vanishes into thin air
like lightning.
Return of the Prologue chorus
Soon death seizes the upper hand.
Capulets and Montagues, crushed by grief,
come together at last to forswear the hatred
that caused so much blood and so many
tears to flow.
No. 2: Andante and Allegro
Romeo alone. Melancholy – Distant sounds
of music and dancing.
The Capulets’ ball.
No. 3: Love scene
Serene night. The Capulets’ garden, silent
and deserted.
Young Capulets leaving the ball
go by, singing snatches of the
ballroom music.
Hey there, Capulets! Goodnight, goodnight!
What a night! What a party!
Divine ball!
What silly things
were said!
Verona’s lovely girls
beneath the larches,
dream of dancing and love
until daybreak.
No. 4: Scherzo
Queen Mab, or the Dream Fairy.
No. 5: Juliet’s funeral procession
Throw flowers for the virgin now deceased!
Follow our beloved sister to the
grave!
No. 6: Romeo in the Capulets’ vault
Romeo in the Capulets’ vault.
Invocation – Juliet wakes – Delirious joy,
despair, the final agony and death of the
two lovers.
No. 7: Finale
The crowd rushes to the cemetery. Scuffles
between Capulets and Montagues.
Montagues
What! Romeo back home! Romeo!
For Juliet he gets into the vault
of the hated Capulets!
Oh, a curse upon them!
Romeo, heavens! Both dead!
Their blood still warm!
What a dreadful mystery!
Capulets
What! Romeo back home! Romeo!
Some Montagues broke into the vault
where lies Juliet, who died at dawn.
Oh, a curse upon them!
Juliet, heavens! Both dead!
Their blood still warm!
What a dreadful mystery!
Recitative and Air of Friar Laurence
I shall reveal the mystery:
this corpse, this was Juliet’s
husband! Do you see that body
on the ground there?
That was, alas, Romeo’s wife. It is I
who married them.
Both choruses
Married!
Friar Laurence
Yes, I admit it. I saw the salutary promise
of a future friendship between your two houses.
Both choruses
Friends to the Capulets/Montagues. Us?
We curse them!
Friar Laurence
But you have resumed the family feud.
Desperate to escape another match, the unhappy girl
came to see me.
‘Only you,’ she cried,
‘can save me!
Death is my only escape!’
In this extreme predicament
I gave her a potion
to avert her fate that very night
by making her as pale and cold as death.
Both choruses
A potion…
Friar Laurence
I was coming to help her, not afraid.
But Romeo, deceived in the mortuary vault,
was there first, and had died
on the body of his beloved,
just before she woke. Juliet, learning
that death was working through his ruined body,
seized Romeo’s dagger and turned it on herself,
and was on her way to eternity
when I arrived. That is the complete truth.
Old men from both families
Married!
Friar Laurence
Poor children whom I lament,
perished together before their time,
over your unhappy home
the future will come to weep.
Made great through you
Verona will one day
owe its sufferings and its glory
to the memory of you alone.
Where are these fierce enemies now?
Capulets! Montagues! Come, look, touch…
With that hatred in your hearts and insults on your lips
draw near to these pale lovers, you savages
God will punish you in your weaknesses.
His punishments, his avenging thunderbolts
hold the secret of our fears!
Do you hear his thundering voice:
‘If my vengeance is to forgive you on high,
forget your own rage.’
Montagues
But our blood has stained their swords!
Capulets
But our blood has stained their swords!
Montagues
Our swords are raised against them!
Capulets
They killed Tybalt!
Montagues
Who killed Mercutio?
Capulets
What about Pâris?
Montagues
And Benvolio?
Capulets
Traitors, there’s no peace!
Montagues
No, you cowards, no truce!
Friar Laurence
Silence, you wretches! How can you display
such brazen hatred in the face of such love?
Must your hatred flare up again here
enflamed by the torches for the dead?
Great God, who see into the depths of our souls,
you know that my wishes were pure;
great God, touch these cruel, dark hearts
with the warmth of your flame!
May your guardian breath,
rising over them at my voice,
drive away their anger
and scatter it like straw in the wind!
Montagues
O Juliet, sweet flower,
at this final moment
the Montagues are ready
to be touched by your fate.
Capulets
Romeo, young fallen star,
at this final moment
the Capulets are ready
to be touched by your fate.
Both choruses
Heavens! What a remarkable prodigy!
No more misery! No more malice!
But in the tears from Heaven
our souls are transformed!
Oath of reconciliation
Friar Laurence
Now swear by this solemn symbol,
over the body of your son and your daughter,
by the consoling power of the cross,
swear, all of you, by the holy crucifix,
to seal between you an eternal bond
of tender charity and brotherly friendship.
May God, who gives the final judgement,
inscribe this oath in the book of forgiveness!
Both choruses
We swear by this solemn symbol,
over the body of our son and our daughter,
by the consoling power of the cross,
we swear, by the holy crucifix,
to seal between us an eternal bond
of tender charity and brotherly friendship.
May God, who gives the final judgement,
inscribe this oath in the book of forgiveness!
We swear to put all our enmity finally away,
friends for ever!
我有名人情結，貝和莫的出生及墓地都去過。