從耐克鞋Betsy Ross Flag風波談起-論美國的立國根基

有問求解 (2019-07-03 12:18:09) 評論 (33)

為了紀念7月4日美國獨立日,Nike設計了一款新鞋,鞋後幫帶有星條旗的前身圖案(Betsy Ross flag)。這批鞋已經到了店裏,準備開賣。被kaepernick(第一位在橄欖球場為反對所謂種族歧視,而在升國旗下下跪的球員,後成Nike的代言人之一)和他同夥看到了,表示老星條旗來自美國的黑奴時代,非常冒犯人。於是,Nike把這款鞋撤了,不賣了。

 

原本Nike要在Arizona 開工廠。撤鞋事件發生後,AZ州長立即決定撤銷州對Nike遷廠的政府財經資助。州長的推寫得非常入情入理,建議通讀(附後)。關於Betsy Ross其人其事,大家也可以搜索了解一下。

令人瞠目的是,人們發現2013年奧巴馬第二任總統就職典禮上,巨幅Betsy Ross Flag高高懸掛,與國旗一起飄揚在國會山上!為什麽沒有人反對,沒有人說這是對奴隸後裔們的羞辱?可見左左們完全無視事實,TDS太重,失心瘋了!!

左派leading progressives堅稱種族歧視(slavery)問題是伴隨著美國建國而來的。還聲稱,美國就是建立在白人至上原則的國家,因為憲法的第一條就說奴隸是3/5的法人。雖然獨立宣言中寫道“all men are created equal”,但草擬法案的55人中有30人蓄奴。那麽如何看待曆史?是不是所有的曆史都必須用當今的標準來衡量?這個話題留給大家討論。在獨立日來臨之際,我們來重溫一下曆史的事實。

首先,建國之前,奴隸製已經在美洲存在150年以上。從1776年正式獨立,到1865年永久禁止奴隸製被寫進憲法(13修正案),奴隸製在美國成為國家後,隻存在了89年。也就是說2/3的奴隸製時間是在建國之前。

其次,建國者看到了奴隸製的殘酷,卻不能在建國的同時,立即廢除奴隸製。正如Jefferson形容的那樣:“正像我們抓住狼的耳朵一樣,既不能牢牢控製住他,也不能放心讓其離開不傷及他人。在主張正義的同時,不能不顧及自我保護”

“As it is, we have the wolf by the ear, and we can neither hold him, nor safely let him go. Justice is on one scale, and self-preservation in the other”

第一層是現實的考量: 當時,為了聯合來自不同背景的13州人民(白人),為美國獨立而戰,必須最大限度求同存異,先立國,再逐步解決奴隸問題。

第二層是民主的考量: 重溫獨立宣言的第一段:

We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights, that they are among these are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. That to secure these rights, governments are instituted among them, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed. That whenever any form of government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of the people to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their safety and happiness.

人生而平等;而政府的正當權利,則是經被統治者同意授予的。美國獨立宣言主張政府的正當性力量來自於“被治者的同意”,意思是政府的目標是保護人民權利,而隻有是建立在人民同意之上的政府型態才是具有正當性的。——請特別關注!

Jefferson進一步解釋在當時解放黑奴和他們融入美國社會不僅僅是問題,而且不現實。當時不直接廢奴,更主要是出於自我保護,並且要提出這廢奴,必須得到被統治者的同意 (consent of the governed).當時的實際情況是,要求美國獨立的大部分白人相信解放黑奴是會導致社會動蕩,衝擊他們的福利!對於一個民主體係,the consent of the governed至關重要。當時如果將廢奴強加在大多數民意之上,會衝擊民主的根基。何況,當時建國是首位,取得共識的。

第三,在立即廢奴不現實的情況下,建國者卓有遠見,將“人生而平等 all men are created equal”寫進了獨立宣言,並盡力限製奴隸製的擴大。而恰恰是美國的獨立,開始了奴隸製的結束:建國時代,大約有六分之一的黑奴得到解放,13個州中有7個廢除了奴隸製;1808年,國會禁止奴隸的買賣。林肯指出: 1784年的Congress of Confederation, 4 位未來在獨立宣言上簽字的framers,有三位在反對在西北地區(Ohio, IN, IL, MI, WI)推行奴隸製上投讚成票; 1789年,第一次正式國會召集大會上,所有16位framers一致讚成執行1787年禁止在西北地區推行奴隸製;林肯做過統計,39 位建國者中有23位曾倡議禁止或限製奴隸製。就連自己蓄奴的Jefferson, 1784年他在國會提出新法律,在美西部全麵禁止奴隸製(差一票,沒通過);1807年,他公開支持廢除買賣奴隸,國會通過。

第四,為什麽開始的憲法黑人隻能算3/5的投票人?左左們常常據此攻擊建國者。而恰恰是這3/5, 是建國者用以平衡南北兩方的權利:否則,南方因大量的黑人票數長久掌握權利,會導致廢奴完全不可實現。

兩害取其輕,林肯和廢奴運動黑人先驅Frederick Douglass都認為建國者做出了最明智的選擇:建國者保證了主張蓄奴的南方一直在美國國家內,並長期置於北方廢奴主張的壓力之下。Frederick Douglass曾說過 “I am, therefore, for drawing the bond of Union more closely, and bringing the slave States more completely under the power of the free States”

林肯曾說過“ Much as I hate slavery, I would consent to the extension of it rather than see the Union dissolved, just as I would consent to any great evil to avoid one”。對於獨立宣言中聲明的平等,林肯是這樣評論建國者的“They [the signers of the Declaration of Independence] did not mean to assert the obvious untruth that all were then actually enjoying that equality, nor yet that they were about to confer it immediately upon them. In fact, they had no power to confer such a boon. They meant simply to declare the right; so that the enforcement of it might follow as fast as circumstances should permit.”

他們並不是要斷言當時所有人真正享有平等的明顯謊言,他們也不會立即將這種平等交給他們。事實上,他們無權賦予這樣的恩惠。他們隻是為了確定平等的權利,直到條件許可時真正實現。

結語:

建國者確立了任何時候的平等權利,而他們當時努力做到的是建立一個國家,一種製度,並為美國成為自由標杆奠定了道德和政治基礎。隨著時間變遷和社會條件成熟,直到林肯時期徹底解決奴隸製,完成宣言中的人生而平等。他們不應該被指責成“giving America a false start. 更不應該聲稱美國就是建立在白人至上原則的國家。美國是世界上最自由,最開放包容,最平等的國家,我們應該為此驕傲。正如AZ州長所言:(We) should be proud of our country’s history, not abandoning it.

https://twitter.com/dougducey/status/1145980544909340672?s=12

Today was supposed to be a good day in Arizona, with the announcement of a major @Nike investment in Goodyear, AZ. And then this news broke yesterday afternoon.

Words cannot express my disappointment at this terrible decision. I am embarrassed for Nike.Nike is an iconic American brand and American company. This country, our system of government and free enterprise have allowed them to prosper and flourish.

Instead of celebrating American history the week of our nation’s independence, Nike has apparently decided that Betsy Ross is unworthy, and has bowed to the current onslaught of political correctness and historical revisionism.

It is a shameful retreat for the company. American businesses should be proud of our country’s history, not abandoning it.

Nike has made its decision, and now we’re making ours. I’ve ordered the Arizona Commerce Authority to withdraw all financial incentive dollars under their discretion that the State was providing for the company to locate here.

Arizona’s economy is doing just fine without Nike. We don’t need to suck up to companies that consciously denigrate our nation’s history.

And finally, it shouldn’t take a controversy over a shoe for our kids to know who Betsy Ross is. A founding mother. Her story should be taught in all American schools. In the meantime, it’s worth googling her.

 

強烈推薦參考書及電影:Death of a Nation;作者是一位美籍印度裔作家Dinesh D'Souza