英文字典中,英國有老牌的牛津字典,美國則以Merriam-Webster出版的《韋氏字典》最有名。去年讀過Between You and Me一書,作者Mary Norris是《紐約客》的資深文案編輯(copy editor),負責稿件的語法措辭格式規範等等。書中提及像《紐約客》這樣的大牌文學雜誌如何對文字精益求精,而《紐約客》的禦用字典就是Merriam-Webster 1934年出版的Webster's New International Dictionary, Second Edition(簡稱Webster 2).
從小到大,中文的,英文的,中英對照的,專業的,各種字典見過不少,卻從未停下來想過,字典是誰編寫的,編寫的過程又是怎樣的。原來,那是既無法想象的無聊加痛苦,又難以描述的充滿樂趣和滿足,Kory Stamper, Merriam-Webster的詞典編纂者(lexicographer), 這樣告訴大家。她說編寫字典是悶頭跟自己較勁,有時恨不得死掉的過程;也是在滾滾奔流的字海裏暢遊,忘乎所以感激涕零的過程。在Word by Word -- the Secret Life of Dictionaries一書裏,Kory Stamper狠狠地科普了一下(英文)字典的前世今生。
文字的神奇就在於,一但衝出瓶頸,便納百川而滔滔不絕。英文在德文的基礎上,吸取了拉丁文的語法,毫不手軟地借用外來語匯,經過莎士比亞的錘煉後,隨著大英帝國的開疆拓土傳向世界。英文的發展促進了英文字典的誕生。從一開始,字典便被賦予了育人和傳承文化的重任。一直到19世紀甚至20世紀初,優化純化語言依然是許多字典編纂者的初心。因為那時教育尚未普及,一個人的談吐直接反應了他的出身和階級。要想成為人上人,必要先學習寫作交流,而字典自然而然地成了階梯。那時候,"good manners, good morality, and good grammar all go hand in hand." 也就是說,一個人的語法措辭已經上升到了道德標準的問題。字典的宣傳更是因此大做文章。Webster的廣告說, "A man who would know everything, or anything, as he ought, must own Webster's large dictionary. It is s great light, and he that will not avail himself of it must walk in darkness." 瞧瞧,沒有韋氏字典,就是與無知為伍自甘墮落,怎能不買它?
一部精心修訂的韋氏字典,詞條定義既要信達雅,還要廣博包容禁得起時間考驗,真真飽含了lexicographer們的心血。他們力求字字句句有出處,定義一個詞,可能要花費幾天,幾星期,甚至幾個月的時間,簡直有些匪夷所思。但人也會犯錯誤。1961年出版的Webster Third裏fishstick一詞的定義是"A stick of fish",裏麵對hotel一詞的則解釋如下:
" A building of many rooms chiefly for overnight accommodation of transients and several floors served by elevators, usually with a large open street-level lobby containing easy chairs, with a variety of compartments for eating, drinking, dancing, exhibitions, and group meetings (as of salesmen or convention attendants), with shops having both inside and street-side entrances and offering for sale items (as clothes, gifts, candy, theater tickets, travel tickets) of particular interest to a traveler, or providing personal services (as hairdressing, shoe shining), and with telephone booths, writing tables and washrooms freely available."
回複 '7grizzly' 的評論 : Wow, you are seriously interested in the topic if you've read the Johnson biography already! I should read it too. Thanks for sharing!
diaoerlang 發表評論於
商務印書館早在上世紀20年代就出過一本英漢雙解韋氏大字典,編撰者皆學界一時之選。
kongkong10 發表評論於
謝謝介紹。我要去買一本。
7grizzly 發表評論於
I love the topic and it's interesting to know the story behind AHD and Webster.
Your post made me want to go back to re-read "Life of Samuel Johnson."
英文字典中,英國有老牌的牛津字典,美國則以Merriam-Webster出版的《韋氏字典》最有名。去年讀過Between You and Me一書,作者Mary Norris是《紐約客》的資深文案編輯(copy editor),負責稿件的語法措辭格式規範等等。書中提及像《紐約客》這樣的大牌文學雜誌如何對文字精益求精,而《紐約客》的禦用字典就是Merriam-Webster 1934年出版的Webster's New International Dictionary, Second Edition(簡稱Webster 2).
從小到大,中文的,英文的,中英對照的,專業的,各種字典見過不少,卻從未停下來想過,字典是誰編寫的,編寫的過程又是怎樣的。原來,那是既無法想象的無聊加痛苦,又難以描述的充滿樂趣和滿足,Kory Stamper, Merriam-Webster的詞典編纂者(lexicographer), 這樣告訴大家。她說編寫字典是悶頭跟自己較勁,有時恨不得死掉的過程;也是在滾滾奔流的字海裏暢遊,忘乎所以感激涕零的過程。在Word by Word -- the Secret Life of Dictionaries一書裏,Kory Stamper狠狠地科普了一下(英文)字典的前世今生。
文字的神奇就在於,一但衝出瓶頸,便納百川而滔滔不絕。英文在德文的基礎上,吸取了拉丁文的語法,毫不手軟地借用外來語匯,經過莎士比亞的錘煉後,隨著大英帝國的開疆拓土傳向世界。英文的發展促進了英文字典的誕生。從一開始,字典便被賦予了育人和傳承文化的重任。一直到19世紀甚至20世紀初,優化純化語言依然是許多字典編纂者的初心。因為那時教育尚未普及,一個人的談吐直接反應了他的出身和階級。要想成為人上人,必要先學習寫作交流,而字典自然而然地成了階梯。那時候,"good manners, good morality, and good grammar all go hand in hand." 也就是說,一個人的語法措辭已經上升到了道德標準的問題。字典的宣傳更是因此大做文章。Webster的廣告說, "A man who would know everything, or anything, as he ought, must own Webster's large dictionary. It is s great light, and he that will not avail himself of it must walk in darkness." 瞧瞧,沒有韋氏字典,就是與無知為伍自甘墮落,怎能不買它?
一部精心修訂的韋氏字典,詞條定義既要信達雅,還要廣博包容禁得起時間考驗,真真飽含了lexicographer們的心血。他們力求字字句句有出處,定義一個詞,可能要花費幾天,幾星期,甚至幾個月的時間,簡直有些匪夷所思。但人也會犯錯誤。1961年出版的Webster Third裏fishstick一詞的定義是"A stick of fish",裏麵對hotel一詞的則解釋如下:
" A building of many rooms chiefly for overnight accommodation of transients and several floors served by elevators, usually with a large open street-level lobby containing easy chairs, with a variety of compartments for eating, drinking, dancing, exhibitions, and group meetings (as of salesmen or convention attendants), with shops having both inside and street-side entrances and offering for sale items (as clothes, gifts, candy, theater tickets, travel tickets) of particular interest to a traveler, or providing personal services (as hairdressing, shoe shining), and with telephone booths, writing tables and washrooms freely available."