有聲讀物：《孫子兵法 1》The Art of War Chapter 1 and 2

~葉子~ · 2013-10-16 23:29:51Z

有聲讀物：《孫子兵法 1》The Art of War Chapter 1 and 2簡介

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I. LAYING PLANS

Sun Tzu said: The art of war is of vital importance to the State.
It is a matter of life and death, a road either to safety or to ruin. Hence it is a subject of inquiry which can on no account be neglected.
The art of war, then, is governed by five constant factors, to be taken into account in one's deliberations, when seeking to determine the conditions obtaining in the field.
These are: (1) The Moral Law; (2) Heaven; (3) Earth; (4)The Commander; (5) Method and discipline.
& 6. The Moral Law causes the people to be in complete accord with their ruler, so that they will follow him regardless of their lives, undismayed by any danger.
Heaven signifies night and day, cold and heat, times and seasons.
Earth comprises distances, great and small; danger and security; open ground and narrow passes; the chances of life and death.
The Commander stands for the virtues of wisdom, sincerely, benevolence, courage and strictness.
By method and discipline are to be understood the marshaling of the army in its proper subdivisions, the graduations of rank among the officers, the maintenance of roads by which supplies may reach the army, and the control of military expenditure.
These five heads should be familiar to every general: he who knows them will be victorious; he who knows them not will fail.
Therefore, in your deliberations, when seeking to determine the military conditions, let them be made the basis of a comparison, in this wise:--
1. Which of the two sovereigns is imbued with the Moral law?
1. Which of the two generals has most ability?
2. With whom lie the advantages derived from Heaven and Earth?
3. On which side is discipline most rigorously enforced?
4. Which army is stronger?
5. On which side are officers and men more highly trained?
6. In which army is there the greater constancy both in reward and punishment?
By means of these seven considerations I can forecast victory or defeat.
The general that hearkens to my counsel and acts upon it, will conquer: let such a one be retained in command! The general that hearkens not to my counsel nor acts upon it, will suffer defeat:--let such a one be dismissed!
While heading the profit of my counsel, avail yourself also of any helpful circumstances over and beyond the ordinary rules.
According as circumstances are favorable, one should modify one's plans.
All warfare is based on deception.
Hence, when able to attack, we must seem unable; when using our forces, we must seem inactive; when we are near, we must make the enemy believe we are far away; when far away, we must make him believe we are near.
Hold out baits to entice the enemy. Feign disorder, and crush him.
If he is secure at all points, be prepared for him. If he is in superior strength, evade him.
If your opponent is of choleric temper, seek to irritate him. Pretend to be weak, that he may grow arrogant.
If he is taking his ease, give him no rest. If his forces are united, separate them.
Attack him where he is unprepared, appear where you are not expected.
These military devices, leading to victory, must not be divulged beforehand.
Now the general who wins a battle makes many calculations in his temple ere the battle is fought. The general who loses a battle makes but few calculations beforehand. Thus do many calculations lead to victory, and few calculations to defeat: how much more no calculation at all! It is by attention to this point that I can foresee who is likely to win or lose.

II. WAGING WAR

Sun Tzu said: In the operations of war, where there are in the field a thousand swift chariots, as many heavy chariots, and a hundred thousand mail-clad soldiers, with provisions enough to carry them a thousand li, the expenditure at home and at the front, including entertainment of guests, small items such as glue and paint, and sums spent on chariots and armor, will reach the total of a thousand ounces of silver per day. Such is the cost of raising an army of 100,000 men.
When you engage in actual fighting, if victory is long in coming, then men's weapons will grow dull and their ardor will be damped. If you lay siege to a town, you will exhaust your strength.
Again, if the campaign is protracted, the resources of the State will not be equal to the strain.
Now, when your weapons are dulled, your ardor damped, your strength exhausted and your treasure spent, other chieftains will spring up to take advantage of your extremity. Then no man, however wise, will be able to avert the consequences that must ensue.
Thus, though we have heard of stupid haste in war, cleverness has never been seen associated with long delays.
There is no instance of a country having benefited from prolonged warfare.
It is only one who is thoroughly acquainted with the evils of war that can thoroughly understand the profitable way of carrying it on.
The skillful soldier does not raise a second levy, neither are his supply-wagons loaded more than twice.
Bring war material with you from home, but forage on the enemy. Thus the army will have food enough for its needs.
Poverty of the State exchequer causes an army to be maintained by contributions from a distance. Contributing to maintain an army at a distance causes the people to be impoverished.
On the other hand, the proximity of an army causes prices to go up; and high prices cause the people's substance to be drained away.
When their substance is drained away, the peasantry will be afflicted by heavy exactions.
& 14. With this loss of substance and exhaustion of strength, the homes of the people will be stripped bare, and three-tenths of their income will be dissipated; while government expenses for broken chariots, worn-out horses, breast-plates and helmets, bows and arrows, spears and shields, protective mantles, draught-oxen and heavy wagons, will amount to four-tenths of its total revenue.

Hence a wise general makes a point of foraging on the enemy. One cartload of the enemy's provisions is equivalent to twenty of one's own, and likewise a single picul of his provender is equivalent to twenty from one's own store.
Now in order to kill the enemy, our men must be roused to anger; that there may be advantage from defeating the enemy, they must have their rewards.
Therefore in chariot fighting, when ten or more chariots have been taken, those should be rewarded who took the first. Our own flags should be substituted for those of the enemy, and the chariots mingled and used in conjunction with ours. The captured soldiers should be kindly treated and kept.
This is called, using the conquered foe to augment one's own strength.
In war, then, let your great object be victory, not lengthy campaigns.
Thus it may be known that the leader of armies is the arbiter of the people's fate, the man on whom it depends whether the nation shall be in peace or in peril.

始計第一

孫子曰：

兵者，國之大事，死生之地，存亡之道，不可不察也。

故經之以五事，校之以計，而索其情：一曰道，二曰天，三曰地，四曰將，五曰法。道者，令民於上同意，可與之死，可與之生，而不危也；天者，陰陽、寒暑、時製也；地者，遠近、險易、廣狹、死生也；將者，智、信、仁、勇、嚴也；法者，曲製、官道、主用也。凡此五者，將莫不聞，知之者勝，不知之者不勝。故校之以計，而索其情，曰：主孰有道？將孰有能？天地孰得？法令孰行？兵眾孰強？士卒孰練？賞罰孰明？吾以此知勝負矣。將聽吾計，用之必勝，留之；將不聽吾計，用之必敗，去之。

計利以聽，乃為之勢，以佐其外。勢者，因利而製權也。兵者，詭道也。故能而示之不能，用而示之不用，近而示之遠，遠而示之近。利而誘之，亂而取之，實而備之，強而避之，怒而撓之，卑而驕之，佚而勞之，親而離之，攻其無備，出其不意。此兵家之勝，不可先傳也。

夫未戰而廟算勝者，得算多也；未戰而廟算不勝者，得算少也。多算勝少算，而況於無算乎！吾以此觀之，勝負見矣。

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原文綱要解釋：

【原文】將聽吾計，用之必勝，留之；將不聽吾計，用之必敗，去之。計利以聽，乃為之勢，以佐其外。勢者，因利而製權也。

【譯文】如果您能接受我的軍事思想，任用我領兵作戰一定勝利，我就留下；如果您不能接受我的軍事思想，用我領兵作戰必定失敗，我就離開。我的軍事思想您認為好並且能夠接受，我將為您造成軍事上的勢，從外輔佐您。所謂造成軍事上的勢，就是在戰爭瞬息萬變的情況中抓住有利的時機采取恰當的應變行動。

【原文】兵者，詭道也。故能而示之不能，用而示之不用，近而示之遠，遠而示之近；利而誘之，亂而取之，實而備之，強而避之，怒而撓之，卑而驕之，佚而勞之，親而離之。攻其無備，出其不意。此兵家之勝，不可先傳也。

【譯文】用兵，是以詭詐為原則的。因而，“能”要使敵人看成“不能”，“用”要讓敵人看作“不用”。“近”要讓敵人看作“遠”，“遠”要讓敵人看作“近”。敵人貪利，就誘之以利而消滅它；敵人混亂，就抓緊時機立刻消滅它；敵人實力雄厚，則須時刻戒備它；敵人精銳強大，就要注意避開它的鋒芒；敵人褊急易怒，就挑逗它，使它失去理智；敵人小心謹慎，穩紮穩打，就設法使它驕傲起來；敵人內部和睦，就離間其關係。在敵人沒有準備的情況下進攻，在敵人意想不到的條件下出擊。這些，是軍事家用兵之佳妙奧秘，是不可事先規定或說明的。

【原文】夫未戰而廟算勝者，得算多也；未戰而廟算不勝者，得算少也。多算勝，少算不勝，而況於無算乎？吾以此觀之，勝負見矣。

【譯文】未開戰而在廟算中就認為會勝利的，是因為具備的致勝條件多；未開戰而在廟算中就認為不能勝利的，是具備的致勝條件少。具備致勝條件多就勝，少就不勝，何況一個致勝條件也不具備的呢？我從這些對比分析來看，勝負的情形就得出來了！

作戰第二

孫子曰：

凡用兵之法，馳車千駟，革車千乘，帶甲十萬，千裏饋糧。則內外之費，賓客之用，膠漆之材，車甲之奉，日費千金，然後十萬之師舉矣。

其用戰也，勝久則鈍兵挫銳，攻城則力屈，久暴師則國用不足。夫鈍兵挫銳，屈力殫貨，則諸侯乘其弊而起，雖有智者不能善其後矣。故兵聞拙速，未睹巧之久也。夫兵久而國利者，未之有也。故不盡知用兵之害者，則不能盡知用兵之利也。

善用兵者，役不再籍，糧不三載，取用於國，因糧於敵，故軍食可足也。國之貧於師者遠輸，遠輸則百姓貧；近師者貴賣，貴賣則百姓財竭，財竭則急於丘役。力屈中原、內虛於家，百姓之費，十去其七；公家之費，破軍罷馬，甲胄矢弓，戟盾矛櫓，丘牛大車，十去其六。故智將務食於敵，食敵一鍾，當吾二十鍾；□①杆一石，當吾二十石。故殺敵者，怒也；取敵之利者，貨也。車戰得車十乘以上，賞其先得者而更其旌旗。車雜而乘之，卒善而養之，是謂勝敵而益強。

故兵貴勝，不貴久。

故知兵之將，民之司命。國家安危之主也。

【注：】

①：“忌”加“艸”頭。

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原文綱要解釋：

【原文】將聽吾計，用之必勝，留之；將不聽吾計，用之必敗，去之。計利以聽，乃為之勢，以佐其外。勢者，因利而製權也。