抗病毒藥的相關知識

來源: 閩姑 2009-05-22 12:18:34 [] [博客] [舊帖] [給我悄悄話] 本文已被閱讀: 次 (10340 bytes)
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[概述及分類]

病毒是病原微生物中最小的一種,其結構簡單隻含有一種核酸(核糖核酸RNA,或脫氧核糖核酸DNA),外殼是蛋白質,不具細胞結構。大多數病毒缺乏酶係統,不能單獨進行新陳代謝,必須依賴宿主的酶係統才能生存繁殖。抗病毒藥物必須具有高度選擇性地作用於細胞內病毒的代謝過程,並對宿主細胞無明顯損害。

對病毒性疾病的治療至今仍缺乏專屬性強的藥物,臨床上常用的藥物主要有如下幾類:抑製病毒複製的抗病毒藥;增強機體免疫功能的免疫調節劑;針對臨床症狀的止咳——鎮痛——解熱和消炎等治療藥;防止繼發感染的抗感染藥;預防病毒感染的疫苗及阻斷病毒傳播的消毒藥等。

抗病毒藥在某種意義上說隻是病毒抑製劑(virustatic agents),不能直接殺滅病毒和破壞病毒體,否則也會損傷宿主細胞。抗病毒藥的作用在於抑製病毒的繁殖,使宿主免疫係統抵禦病毒侵襲,修複被破壞的組織,或者緩和病情使之不出現臨床症狀。至今,某些病毒性疾病如脊髓灰質炎和狂犬病還沒有抗病毒治療藥,隻能靠疫苗預防,一旦錯過防疫期,後果十分嚴重。

按適應症的不同,國內抗病毒藥物可分為以下幾類:

抗HIV藥物,包括依非韋倫等8個產品;
抗皰疹病毒(單純皰疹,帶狀皰疹)藥物,包括5個洛韋類產品及膦甲酸鈉和阿糖腺苷;
抗乙(丙)肝藥物,包括拉米夫定和α幹擾素;
抗流感藥物,包括奧塞米韋、複方金剛烷胺和金剛乙胺;
廣譜抗病毒藥,包括利巴韋林、嗎啉雙胍、溶菌酶和聚肌胞等。

[作用機製]

(1)與病毒競爭細胞表麵的受體,阻止病毒的吸附,如肝素或帶陰電荷的多糖。
(2)阻礙病毒穿入脫殼,如金剛烷胺能抑製流感病毒的脫殼而預防流感。
(3)阻礙病毒生物合成,如皰疹淨抑製胸腺嘧啶核苷合成酶,影響DNA的合成;阿糖腺苷,阿糖胞苷幹擾DNA聚合酶,阻礙DNA的合成;嗎啉雙胍對病毒增殖周期各個階段幾乎均有抑製作用(主要是阻抑RNA聚合酶的活性及蛋白質的合成)。此外,某些藥物可被由病毒基因編碼的酶(如胸苷激酶)磷酸化,該磷酸化合物為病毒DNA聚合酶的底物,二者結合後就可發揮抑製酶的作用,因而可阻止病毒DNA的合成,如阿昔洛韋。
(4)增強宿主抗病能力的物質,如幹擾素能激活宿主細胞的某些酶,降解病毒的RNA,抑製蛋白的合成,翻譯和裝配。(源自: http://www.xgmed.cn/project/1-01-04.html)

奧司他韋(Oseltamivir)(商品名Tamiflu,中國大陸稱達菲,港譯特敏福,台灣譯為克流感):是一種作用於神經氨酸酶的特異性抑製劑(Neuraminidase Inhibitor),其抑製神經氨酸酶的作用,可以抑製成熟的流感病毒脫離宿主細胞,從而抑製流感病毒在人體內的傳播以起到治療流行性感冒的作用。

作用機理:
奧司他韋作用的靶點是分布於流感病毒表麵的神經氨酸酶(Neuraminidase)。神經氨酸酶在病毒的生活周期中扮演了重要的角色,流感病毒在宿主細胞內複製表達和組裝之後,會以出芽的形式突出宿主細胞,但與宿主細胞以凝血酶-唾液酸相連接,神經氨酸酶以唾液酸為作用底物,可催化唾液酸水解,解除成熟病毒顆粒與宿主細胞之間的聯係,使之可以自由移動侵襲其他健康的宿主細胞。抑製神經氨酸酶的活性可以阻止病毒顆粒的釋放,切斷病毒的擴散鏈,因而神經氨酸酶可以成為治療流行性感冒的一個藥物靶點。


Structure of the influenza virion. The hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) proteins are shown on the surface of the particle. The viral RNAs that make up the genome are shown as red coils inside the particle and bound to Ribonuclear Proteins (RNPs).

(源自: http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E5%8F%B8%E4%BB%96%E9%9F%A6)

Viruses are tiny structures that are too small to be seen with a regular microscope. The powerful electron microscope invented in the 1940s revealed that a virus is nothing more than a core of genetic material (RNA or DNA), wrapped in a protective protein coat. These tiny agents of disease are not considered living things, because they can not reproduce on their own. They must invade the cells of other living things and take over the cells' machinery to make more copies of themselves. Once inside their hosts' cells, viruses reproduce wildly, spread through the body and cause illness. Some illnesses caused by viruses come and go -- common colds, flu, measles, mumps, and chicken pox, for example. Others, such as cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr virus, linger in the body for life.

Developing antiviral medicines has been difficult, because most drugs that kill viruses also damage the host's cells, where the viruses hide. However, since the 1980s, when the virus that causes AIDS began to receive attention, medical researchers have focused on the problem of treating viral infections, and encouraging progress has been made. Rather than killing the viruses, antiviral drugs block steps in the process through which viruses reproduce. Some may also stimulate the immune system so that the body can fight the viruses itself.

From: http://www.faqs.org/health/topics/78/Antiviral-drugs.html

10 steps of the virus replicative cycle : (1) adsorption, (2) penetration, (3) uncoating, (4) early transcription, (5) early translation, (6) replication of the viral genome, (7) late transcription, (8) late translation, (9) assembly, and (10) release of new virus particles.


Key terms:

Virus(病毒):A tiny, disease-causing structure that can reproduce only in living cells and causes a variety of infectious diseases.

Cytomegalovirus(巨細胞病毒):A type of virus that attacks and enlarges certain cells in the body. The virus also causes a disease in infants.

Epstein-Barr virus(埃-巴二氏病毒;EB病毒):A virus that causes infectious mononucleosis and is involved in some types of cancer.

Herpes simplex(單純皰疹):A virus that causes sores on the lips (cold sores) or on the genitals (genital herpes).

Shingles(帶狀皰疹):An disease caused by an infection with the Herpes zoster virus, the same virus that causes chickenpox. Symptoms of shingles include pain and blisters along one nerve, usually on the face, chest, stomach, or back.

神經氨酸酶又稱唾液酸酶:是分布於流感病毒被膜上的一種糖蛋白,它具有抗原性,可以催化唾液酸水解,協助成熟流感病毒脫離宿主細胞感染新的細胞,在流感病毒的生活周期中扮演了重要的角色。在甲型流感病毒中,神經氨酸酶的抗原性會發生變異,這成為劃分甲型流感病毒亞型的依據,在目前已知的甲型流感病毒中共有9種不同的神經氨酸酶抗原型。(源自: wikipedia.神經氨酸酶)






音樂: yanni(雅尼) - with an orchid(和蘭花一起)







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