Lesson Fourteen
Section One: News in Brief
1. State Department spokesman Bernard Kalb resigned today because of the Reagan Administration's alleged disinformation campaign against Libya. The Washington Post reported last week that the administration planted false information about Libya in an effort to destabilize the government of Muammar Ouddafi. Kalb today did not confirm or deny that such a campaign took place, but he said reports about it had damaged the credibility of the US. The State Department would not comment on Kalb's resignation.
2. The State Department today criticized the Nicaraguan government for allegedly refusing to grant US officials access to Eugene Hasenfus. He's the survivor of Sunday's plane crash inside Nicaragua. State Department spokesman Charles Redmond. 'Our representative was not received by the Nicaraguan government. And we view this with the utmost seriousness. The rendering of consular services is an essential part of the function of an embassy. The Sandinista government has once again taken action to make that function difficult and has raised the question of whether, indeed, a US embassy can function normally within Nicaragua. We frankly cannot accept the delay in granting consular access since the Sandinista government has apparently gone to some lengths to parade Mr. Hasenfus before the press, and considering the fact that a government spokesman stated clearly last night on American television that access would be granted.' Meanwhile President Reagan today denied that the downed plane allegedly carrying arms to Contra rebels was operating-under official US orders. He also acknowledged that the government has been aware that private American groups and citizens have been helping the anti-government forces in Nicaragua.
尼加拉瓜政府軍在飛機墜落現場抓獲美國人尤金哈森福斯
第一節 簡明新聞
1. 因裏根政府被指對利比亞進行虛假新聞戰，美國國務院發言人伯納德卡爾布今天辭職。《華盛頓郵報》上周報道說，美國政府對利比亞散布虛假信息，以達到顛覆穆阿邁爾卡紮菲政府的目的。卡爾布今天既沒有證實也沒有否認發生過這樣的行為，但他說，報道損害了美國的信譽。國務院對卡爾布辭職不加以評論。
2.國務院今天批評尼加拉瓜政府，據稱是拒絕允許美國官員接觸尤金哈森福斯。他是周日在尼加拉瓜飛機失事事故中的幸存者。美國國務院發言人查爾斯雷蒙德說，“我們的代表沒有得到尼加拉瓜政府的許可。我們認為這是極其嚴重的。提供領事服務是大使館的基本職能的組成部分。桑地諾政府再次采取行動，使該職能遇到困境，並將問題上升到美國大使館在尼加拉瓜是否能夠正常運作上來。坦率地說，我們不能接受自從桑地諾政府領事明顯地要在媒體麵前長時間將哈森福斯先生示眾而一再拖延允許領事接觸（的時間），應該考慮的事實是，政府發言人昨天晚上在美國電視上明確表示——接觸將會獲準。”與此同時，裏根總統今天否認了被擊落的飛機上有所謂的給康特拉叛軍的武器，是在美國官方命令下進行的。他也承認政府已經意識到，有美國的私人團體和公民在幫助尼加拉瓜的反政府武裝。
Section Two: News in Detail
Last week the Washington Post reported that top-level officials had approved a plan to generate real and illusionary events to make Libya's Colonel Muammar Quddafi think the United States might once again attack. Bernard Kalb's resignation is the first in protest of that policy. A similar resignation occurred at the White House in 1983 when a deputy quit to protest misleading statements given to the press shortly before the American invasion of Grenada.
NPR's Bill Busenberg has more on today's announcement. Bernard Kalb had been a veteran diplomatic correspondent for CBS and NBC before being picked two years ago by Secretary of State George Shultz to be the Department's chief spokesman, officially an Assistant Secretary for Public Affairs. His brother, Marvin Kalb, is still with NBC. Today, Bernard Kalb surprised his former colleagues in the news media by, quitting over the issue of the administration's disinformation program. Kalb would not confirm that there was such a program, but he said he faced a choice of remaining silent or registering his dissent. And even though the issue appeared to be fading from the news, Kalb grappled with it privately and decided he had to act.
“The controversy may vanish, but when you are sitting alone, it does not go away. And so I've taken the step of stepping down.”
Bernard Kalb
The State Department has reportedly been involved in the disinformation issue, but Kalb said his guidelines have always been not to fie or mislead the press, and he has not done so. Kalb went out of his way today to praise Secretary Shultz, a man, he said, of such overwhelming integrity that he allows other people to have their own integrity.
“In taking this action, I want to emphasize that I am not dissenting from Secretary Shultz, a man of credibility, rather I am dissenting from the reported disinformation program.”
Kalb's comments suggested Shultz perhaps did not go along with the disinformation program, but in public, the Secretary of State has defended the administration's policies against Libya, saying in New York last week: 'I don't have any problems with the little psychological warfare against Quddafi." He also quoted Winston Churchill as saying, 'In time of war truth is so precious, it must be attended by a bodyguard of lies.' Shultz was asked about the disinformation effort last Sunday on ABC.
“I don't lie. I've never taken part in any meeting in which it was proposed that we go out and lie to the news media for some effect. And if somebody did that, he was doing it against policy. Now having said that, one of the results of our action against Libya, from the intelligence we've received, was quite a period of disorientation on the part of Quddafi. So, to the extent we can keep Quddafi off balance by one means or another, including the possibility that we might make another attack, I think that's good.”
In a sometimes emotional session with reporters today, Bernard Kalb said that neither he personally nor the nation as a whole can stand any policy of disinformation.
I'm concerned about the impact of any such program on the credibility of the United States. Faith, faith in the word of America, is the pulse beat of our democracy. Anything that hurts America's credibility hurts America. And then on a much, much, much lower level, there's the' question of my own credibility, both as a spokesman and a journalist, a spokesman for a couple of years, a journalist for more years than I want to remember. In fact, I sometimes privately thought of myself as a journalist masquerading as a spokesman. In any case, I do not want my own credibility to be caught up, to be subsumed in this controversy."
The timing of Kalb's action today is likely to add to the controversy over government deception. And it comes at an awkward moment for the Reagan Administration, just days before an important pre-summit meeting with the Soviets in Iceland and in the wake of official denials about a downed guerrilla re-supply plane in Nicaragua. One American was captured and others were killed in that action, but officials have said the flight was in no way connected with the US government. Kalb said his resignation today had nothing to do with any other incident. I'm Bill Busenberg in Washington.
第二節 詳細新聞 美國國務院發言人伯納德卡爾布辭職
上周，《華盛頓郵報》報道，官方高層已批準了一項計劃，利用實際的和虛幻的事件使利比亞卡紮菲上校認為美國有可能再次發動襲擊。伯納德卡爾布的辭職是首次對這一政策的抗議。生白宮的類似的辭職發生在1983年，一位助理辭職以抗議鑒美國入侵格林納達前向新聞界發出簡短的誤導性陳述。
全國公共電台的比利布森博格今天有更多的（細節）發布。伯納德卡爾布作為CBS和NBC的資深外交記者2年前被國務卿喬治舒爾茨任命為（國務院）新聞部的首席發言人，正式負責公共事務的助理秘書長。他的兄弟，馬文卡爾布，仍在全國廣播公司工作。今天，伯納德卡爾布令他以前的新聞媒體同事們感到驚訝地退出了整個政府的造謠計劃。卡爾布不願證實確有這樣一個計劃，但他說他麵臨著保持沉默或表達異議的選擇。然而，即使這個問題似乎正從新聞中漸漸消失，卡爾布設法私下解決並決定不得不這樣去做。
“爭論可能會消失，但是當你孤坐著的話，是不會消失的。所以我采取了下台的一步。”
美國國務院報告了參與造謠的問題，但卡爾布說，他的原則一直是不能嚇唬也不能誤導記者，他沒有這樣做。卡爾布今天離開時這樣讚揚國務卿舒爾茨，他說，他是一個完全正直的，允許別人保有自己正直的男人。
“在采取這項動作時，我想強調，我與國務卿舒爾茨沒有異議，他是個有信譽的人，而我是對‘造謠計劃’有異議。”
卡爾布的意見是舒爾茨也許並沒有計劃繼續進行‘造謠計劃’，但在公開場合，國務卿為政府的利比亞政府政策進行辯護。上星期他在紐約說：“我對卡紮菲發動的小小心理戰沒有任何問題。”他還引述溫斯頓邱吉爾的話說，“在戰爭期間真話是寶貴的，謊言應該作為衛隊加入其中。這是周日在ABC電台舒爾茨被問及造謠計劃結果時所說的。
“我不撒謊。我從來沒有參加過任何會議，會上有人建議我們為了某種努力去向新聞媒體撒謊。如果有人這樣做了，那麽他是在和政策作對。現在這麽說了，是我們針對利比亞的一個行動的結果，從我們收到的情報上看，卡紮菲在相當一段時期部分被迷惑住了。因此，隻要我們能保持一個使卡紮菲因為一個手段或另一個手段而喪失平衡能力的範圍，包括（以為）我們將來可能會進行另一次襲擊，我認為這就很好。”
在今天的會上記者有時有些情緒激動，伯納德卡爾布說，無論是他個人還是作為一個整體的國家都不能容忍誤導的政策。
“我擔心這樣的計劃對美國信譽的影響。信仰，信仰在美國的詞語中，是我們民主的命脈。任何傷害美國信譽的東西也會傷害到美國。然後在一個非常非常低的層次，這裏有我自己的信譽問題，作為發言人和一名記者，一個做過2年的發言人，一個我希望被人記住的是從業多年的記者。事實上，我有時私下覺得自己是偽裝成記者的發言人。在任何情況下，我不希望把我自己的信譽卷入到納入到這場爭論中。”
在卡爾布事件很有可能加增對政府欺騙行為的爭議。而且，正值裏根政府尷尬的時刻，前幾天的一個重要同蘇聯的首腦預備會議在冰島召開，緊接著官方否認了在尼加拉瓜被擊落給遊擊隊重複補給的飛機。一名美國人被俘而其他人則在戰鬥中喪生，但官員們說，飛機與美國政府毫無關係。今天，卡爾布說，他的辭職與任何其他事件無關。我是比爾布森博格在華盛頓報告。
Section Three: Special Report
The history of Jews in Poland is not always thoroughly told in that country. And the story of the World War II freedom fighters in the Jewish ghetto of Warsaw is one of the saddest chapters. The Nazis took hundreds of thousands of Jews to their deaths, and seven thousand more died defending the area when the Germans invaded. Dr. Merrick Adelman is one of the very few who survived. A book called Shielding the Flame is his story. It was written in Poland ten years ago by Hannah Kroll. It is now available in this country in English. Yohannes Toshimska is one of the translators. She says that Merrick Adelman's view of the ghetto uprising is regarded as unconventional.
Shielding the Flame by Hannah Kroll.
“He doesn't use the language, or even he doesn't have the attitude people usually have to the holocaust and to the ghetto uprisings. One thing he's consistently talking about is the fact that people thought was the arms in the ghetto. It wasn’t heroic; it was easier than to die going to the train cars. And that people who participated in the ghetto uprising were actually, in a sense, lucky. They had arms; they could do something about what was going on while those hundreds of thousands who were led to the train cars were equally heroic, but their death was much more difficult.”
“Dr. Adelman was stationed ... he was working in a clinic; he was not a doctor then; but he was working in a clinic that was nearby the train station where the Jews were taken to go off to the concentration camps.”
“Yes. He had an amazing position. He was standing at the gate to the Hmflat Platz, which was the place from where the Jews were taken into the train cars. He was a member of the underground in the ghetto, and he was choosing the people who were needed by the underground. They were perhaps one or two in many thousands of them led every day to the cars. And he would pick these people up, and then young girls who were students at the nurses' school would disabilitate these people. He describes in the book, it's a very powerful scene, how these girls, who were wearing beautiful clean white uniforms of nurse students, would take two pieces of wood and with these two pieces of wood would break legs of the people who were supposed to be saved for the Jewish underground. But the Germans, to the last moment, wanted to maintain the fiction that people who were taken to the trains were being taken for work. And obviously a person with a broken leg couldn't work. So breaking a leg would temporarily save that person from being taken into gas.”
“So he saw in all, I believe he says four hundred thousand people, go aboard the train.”
“Yes. He stood there from the very beginning of the extermination action to the end.”
“With regard to what you were saying earlier, there's a dialogue that develops in the book between an American professor who comes to visit the doctor many years later, and is critical of what happened. He says of the Jews, 'You were going like sheep to your deaths.' The professor had been in World War II; he'd landed on a French beach, and he said that 'Men should run, men should shoot. You were going like sheep.' And Adelman explains this, and let me quote him. 'It is a horrendous thing when one is going so quietly to one's death. It is infinitely more difficult than to go out shooting. After all, it is much easier to die firing. For us, it was much easier to die than it was for someone who first boarded a train car, then rode the train, then dug a hole, then undressed naked.' That's difficult to understand, but then Hannah Kroll says that she understands it because it's easier for people who are watching this to understand, when the people are dying shooting.'
“It is something probably easier to comprehend because the kind of death most of the people from the ghetto encountered is just beyond comprehension.”
“Explain the context of the title for Shielding the Flame; it comes up a bit later on. It has to do with the reason that Dr. Adelman becomes a physician, a cardiologist, after the War, is that he wants this opportunity to deal with people who are in a life-or-death situation.”
“He says at some point that what he was doing at Hmflat Platz and what he was doing later on as a doctor is like to shield the flame from God who wants to blow this little tiny flame and kill the person, that what he was doing during the War and after the War was, in a way, doing God's work or doing something against God, even if the God existed.”
“Do you think this book is going to be accessible to the Western reader reading it in English? It is a bit free in form and in style. It lacks a chronology; certain details are not there or are pre-supposed that one knows.”
“This book is a little bit like a conversation of two people who aren't that much aware of the fact that someone else is listening to it. And they don't care about this other person who might be listening to it. They don't help this person to follow it. I had a hard time even when I read it for the first time in Polish. However, for me, it has magnetic power and, despite the confusion, I always wanted to go back and to go on.”
Yahannes Tashimska, the translator, along with Lawrence Weshler, of Shielding the Flame by Hannah Kroll.
第三節 特別報道：介紹新書《庇護的火焰》
猶太人在波蘭曆史並不總是在那個國被提起。而在第二次世界大戰在華沙猶太人聚居區的自由戰士們的故事是最悲慘的一章。納粹造成了成千上萬的猶太人死亡，7000多人在抵抗德國對這一地區的入侵過程中喪生。梅裏克阿德爾曼博士是極少數的幸存者之一。一本名叫《庇護的火焰》書講述的是他的故事。它是由漢娜克羅爾10年前寫於波蘭。現在這本書在美國以英文發行。約翰內斯托錫馬絲卡是翻譯之一。她說，梅裏克阿德爾曼的關於猶太隔離區的起義的看法是不合常理的。
“對於人們通常理解的大屠殺和隔離區的起義，他沒有說什麽，甚至沒有表態。他始終如一地談論的一個事實是人們認為在貧民區裏的武裝。這不是勇敢，而是比上火車（被送到死亡營）還要容易的死法。而那些參加隔離區起義的人們，實際上是有這樣的感覺，那就是幸運。他們有武器，他們可以做些將要發生的，導致成千上萬的人被趕上火車（送到死亡營）同樣的勇敢的事，但他們的死要困難得多。”
“阿德爾曼博士被安置...在一家診所工作，他不是醫生，但他在一個靠近火車站的診所工作，就從那裏猶太人被送往集中營。”
波蘭華沙猶太人隔離區
“是的。他處在一個嚇人的位置。他站在麵向赫姆弗萊特廣場的門前，在那裏猶太被趕上火車，他是隔離區秘密組織成員，為秘密組織挑選所需要的人。從每天上車的成千的人裏也許能找出1－2人。他將這些人接出來，然後年輕的護士學校的女孩把這些人弄殘廢。他在書裏描寫到，這是一個非常刺痛心肺的場景，這些都穿著漂亮幹淨的護生白色製服的女孩子，拿來兩片木板，然後用這兩塊木板把那些以為猶太人秘密組織會救他們性命的人的腿弄折。德國人，在最後一刻，希望維持一種假象，就是被帶到上車人是去工作。顯然一個腿斷了的人是無法工作的。因此，弄斷一條腿會暫時把正要送進毒氣室的人救下來。”
“因此，他全都看到了，我相信他說的40萬人，上了火車。”
“是的。他就站在裏從滅絕行動的開始到結束。”
“關於你剛才說過的，書裏提到過一段對話，一個美國教授多年以後來看望博士時批評了所發生的事。他說到猶太人‘你是打算像頭綿羊那樣死去’。這位教授曾在第二次世界大戰中，登陸過法國的海灘，他說‘人們應該逃跑，人們應該反抗。你卻象綿羊那樣。’而阿德爾曼解釋這一點時，讓我引用他的話就是，‘當人們這樣靜靜地走向死亡真是件可怕的事，這比起進行戰鬥是極其艱難的。畢竟，被射殺是非常容易的。對我們來說，比起有人先登上火車，坐車，然後挖個坑，再脫光衣服這樣死是非常容易的。’這很難理解，但漢娜克羅爾說，她能理解，對於目睹別人被射殺的人來說很容易理解。
“這是件很容易理解的事，因為對大多數隔離區裏的人的這種死法是無法理解的。”
“對《庇護的火焰》的標題的背景注釋是在靠後的部分。他必須這樣做的原因，是在戰後，阿德爾曼博士成為一名醫生，一位心髒病專家，希望因此有機會處理人的生與死的境遇。”
“他說，有關他在赫姆弗萊特廣場做過的事和他後來成為醫生所做的就是庇護上帝要吹滅的微弱的火苗，而殺死那人，他在戰爭期間做的和戰後做的，從某種程度上來說是在做上帝的工作或在做反上帝的工作，即使是上帝真的存在的話。”
波蘭華沙猶太人隔離區起義紀念碑
“你覺得這本書容易被西方讀者用英文讀懂嗎？他的形式和風格有些自由。它缺乏時間順序，有的部分內容沒有寫進去或假定人們事先都已知道。”
“這本書有點像兩個人在對話，一個人不明白那麽多的別人聽到的事實。而他們並不在意其他可能聽到的。他們不幫助這個人理解他們。當我第一次讀波蘭文的這本書時，的確經曆過一段困難時期。不過，對我來說，它有仿佛有磁力，盡管混亂，我經常要翻回去看才能繼續讀下去。”
約翰內斯托錫馬絲卡，翻譯，和勞倫斯魏施利，（共同翻譯）漢娜克羅爾的《庇護的火焰》。
1972年12月7日，德國總理，前反法西斯主義者，威利勃蘭特在波蘭華沙猶太人隔離區起義紀念碑前為“其他德國人的所作所為”下跪懺悔。
Section One: News in Brief
1. State Department spokesman Bernard Kalb resigned today because of the Reagan Administration's alleged disinformation campaign against Libya. The Washington Post reported last week that the administration planted false information about Libya in an effort to destabilize the government of Muammar Ouddafi. Kalb today did not confirm or deny that such a campaign took place, but he said reports about it had damaged the credibility of the US. The State Department would not comment on Kalb's resignation.
2. The State Department today criticized the Nicaraguan government for allegedly refusing to grant US officials access to Eugene Hasenfus. He's the survivor of Sunday's plane crash inside Nicaragua. State Department spokesman Charles Redmond. 'Our representative was not received by the Nicaraguan government. And we view this with the utmost seriousness. The rendering of consular services is an essential part of the function of an embassy. The Sandinista government has once again taken action to make that function difficult and has raised the question of whether, indeed, a US embassy can function normally within Nicaragua. We frankly cannot accept the delay in granting consular access since the Sandinista government has apparently gone to some lengths to parade Mr. Hasenfus before the press, and considering the fact that a government spokesman stated clearly last night on American television that access would be granted.' Meanwhile President Reagan today denied that the downed plane allegedly carrying arms to Contra rebels was operating-under official US orders. He also acknowledged that the government has been aware that private American groups and citizens have been helping the anti-government forces in Nicaragua.
尼加拉瓜政府軍在飛機墜落現場抓獲美國人尤金哈森福斯
第一節 簡明新聞
1. 因裏根政府被指對利比亞進行虛假新聞戰，美國國務院發言人伯納德卡爾布今天辭職。《華盛頓郵報》上周報道說，美國政府對利比亞散布虛假信息，以達到顛覆穆阿邁爾卡紮菲政府的目的。卡爾布今天既沒有證實也沒有否認發生過這樣的行為，但他說，報道損害了美國的信譽。國務院對卡爾布辭職不加以評論。
2.國務院今天批評尼加拉瓜政府，據稱是拒絕允許美國官員接觸尤金哈森福斯。他是周日在尼加拉瓜飛機失事事故中的幸存者。美國國務院發言人查爾斯雷蒙德說，“我們的代表沒有得到尼加拉瓜政府的許可。我們認為這是極其嚴重的。提供領事服務是大使館的基本職能的組成部分。桑地諾政府再次采取行動，使該職能遇到困境，並將問題上升到美國大使館在尼加拉瓜是否能夠正常運作上來。坦率地說，我們不能接受自從桑地諾政府領事明顯地要在媒體麵前長時間將哈森福斯先生示眾而一再拖延允許領事接觸（的時間），應該考慮的事實是，政府發言人昨天晚上在美國電視上明確表示——接觸將會獲準。”與此同時，裏根總統今天否認了被擊落的飛機上有所謂的給康特拉叛軍的武器，是在美國官方命令下進行的。他也承認政府已經意識到，有美國的私人團體和公民在幫助尼加拉瓜的反政府武裝。
Section Two: News in Detail
Last week the Washington Post reported that top-level officials had approved a plan to generate real and illusionary events to make Libya's Colonel Muammar Quddafi think the United States might once again attack. Bernard Kalb's resignation is the first in protest of that policy. A similar resignation occurred at the White House in 1983 when a deputy quit to protest misleading statements given to the press shortly before the American invasion of Grenada.
NPR's Bill Busenberg has more on today's announcement. Bernard Kalb had been a veteran diplomatic correspondent for CBS and NBC before being picked two years ago by Secretary of State George Shultz to be the Department's chief spokesman, officially an Assistant Secretary for Public Affairs. His brother, Marvin Kalb, is still with NBC. Today, Bernard Kalb surprised his former colleagues in the news media by, quitting over the issue of the administration's disinformation program. Kalb would not confirm that there was such a program, but he said he faced a choice of remaining silent or registering his dissent. And even though the issue appeared to be fading from the news, Kalb grappled with it privately and decided he had to act.
“The controversy may vanish, but when you are sitting alone, it does not go away. And so I've taken the step of stepping down.”
Bernard Kalb
The State Department has reportedly been involved in the disinformation issue, but Kalb said his guidelines have always been not to fie or mislead the press, and he has not done so. Kalb went out of his way today to praise Secretary Shultz, a man, he said, of such overwhelming integrity that he allows other people to have their own integrity.
“In taking this action, I want to emphasize that I am not dissenting from Secretary Shultz, a man of credibility, rather I am dissenting from the reported disinformation program.”
Kalb's comments suggested Shultz perhaps did not go along with the disinformation program, but in public, the Secretary of State has defended the administration's policies against Libya, saying in New York last week: 'I don't have any problems with the little psychological warfare against Quddafi." He also quoted Winston Churchill as saying, 'In time of war truth is so precious, it must be attended by a bodyguard of lies.' Shultz was asked about the disinformation effort last Sunday on ABC.
“I don't lie. I've never taken part in any meeting in which it was proposed that we go out and lie to the news media for some effect. And if somebody did that, he was doing it against policy. Now having said that, one of the results of our action against Libya, from the intelligence we've received, was quite a period of disorientation on the part of Quddafi. So, to the extent we can keep Quddafi off balance by one means or another, including the possibility that we might make another attack, I think that's good.”
In a sometimes emotional session with reporters today, Bernard Kalb said that neither he personally nor the nation as a whole can stand any policy of disinformation.
I'm concerned about the impact of any such program on the credibility of the United States. Faith, faith in the word of America, is the pulse beat of our democracy. Anything that hurts America's credibility hurts America. And then on a much, much, much lower level, there's the' question of my own credibility, both as a spokesman and a journalist, a spokesman for a couple of years, a journalist for more years than I want to remember. In fact, I sometimes privately thought of myself as a journalist masquerading as a spokesman. In any case, I do not want my own credibility to be caught up, to be subsumed in this controversy."
The timing of Kalb's action today is likely to add to the controversy over government deception. And it comes at an awkward moment for the Reagan Administration, just days before an important pre-summit meeting with the Soviets in Iceland and in the wake of official denials about a downed guerrilla re-supply plane in Nicaragua. One American was captured and others were killed in that action, but officials have said the flight was in no way connected with the US government. Kalb said his resignation today had nothing to do with any other incident. I'm Bill Busenberg in Washington.
第二節 詳細新聞 美國國務院發言人伯納德卡爾布辭職
上周，《華盛頓郵報》報道，官方高層已批準了一項計劃，利用實際的和虛幻的事件使利比亞卡紮菲上校認為美國有可能再次發動襲擊。伯納德卡爾布的辭職是首次對這一政策的抗議。生白宮的類似的辭職發生在1983年，一位助理辭職以抗議鑒美國入侵格林納達前向新聞界發出簡短的誤導性陳述。
全國公共電台的比利布森博格今天有更多的（細節）發布。伯納德卡爾布作為CBS和NBC的資深外交記者2年前被國務卿喬治舒爾茨任命為（國務院）新聞部的首席發言人，正式負責公共事務的助理秘書長。他的兄弟，馬文卡爾布，仍在全國廣播公司工作。今天，伯納德卡爾布令他以前的新聞媒體同事們感到驚訝地退出了整個政府的造謠計劃。卡爾布不願證實確有這樣一個計劃，但他說他麵臨著保持沉默或表達異議的選擇。然而，即使這個問題似乎正從新聞中漸漸消失，卡爾布設法私下解決並決定不得不這樣去做。
“爭論可能會消失，但是當你孤坐著的話，是不會消失的。所以我采取了下台的一步。”
美國國務院報告了參與造謠的問題，但卡爾布說，他的原則一直是不能嚇唬也不能誤導記者，他沒有這樣做。卡爾布今天離開時這樣讚揚國務卿舒爾茨，他說，他是一個完全正直的，允許別人保有自己正直的男人。
“在采取這項動作時，我想強調，我與國務卿舒爾茨沒有異議，他是個有信譽的人，而我是對‘造謠計劃’有異議。”
卡爾布的意見是舒爾茨也許並沒有計劃繼續進行‘造謠計劃’，但在公開場合，國務卿為政府的利比亞政府政策進行辯護。上星期他在紐約說：“我對卡紮菲發動的小小心理戰沒有任何問題。”他還引述溫斯頓邱吉爾的話說，“在戰爭期間真話是寶貴的，謊言應該作為衛隊加入其中。這是周日在ABC電台舒爾茨被問及造謠計劃結果時所說的。
“我不撒謊。我從來沒有參加過任何會議，會上有人建議我們為了某種努力去向新聞媒體撒謊。如果有人這樣做了，那麽他是在和政策作對。現在這麽說了，是我們針對利比亞的一個行動的結果，從我們收到的情報上看，卡紮菲在相當一段時期部分被迷惑住了。因此，隻要我們能保持一個使卡紮菲因為一個手段或另一個手段而喪失平衡能力的範圍，包括（以為）我們將來可能會進行另一次襲擊，我認為這就很好。”
在今天的會上記者有時有些情緒激動，伯納德卡爾布說，無論是他個人還是作為一個整體的國家都不能容忍誤導的政策。
“我擔心這樣的計劃對美國信譽的影響。信仰，信仰在美國的詞語中，是我們民主的命脈。任何傷害美國信譽的東西也會傷害到美國。然後在一個非常非常低的層次，這裏有我自己的信譽問題，作為發言人和一名記者，一個做過2年的發言人，一個我希望被人記住的是從業多年的記者。事實上，我有時私下覺得自己是偽裝成記者的發言人。在任何情況下，我不希望把我自己的信譽卷入到納入到這場爭論中。”
在卡爾布事件很有可能加增對政府欺騙行為的爭議。而且，正值裏根政府尷尬的時刻，前幾天的一個重要同蘇聯的首腦預備會議在冰島召開，緊接著官方否認了在尼加拉瓜被擊落給遊擊隊重複補給的飛機。一名美國人被俘而其他人則在戰鬥中喪生，但官員們說，飛機與美國政府毫無關係。今天，卡爾布說，他的辭職與任何其他事件無關。我是比爾布森博格在華盛頓報告。
Section Three: Special Report
The history of Jews in Poland is not always thoroughly told in that country. And the story of the World War II freedom fighters in the Jewish ghetto of Warsaw is one of the saddest chapters. The Nazis took hundreds of thousands of Jews to their deaths, and seven thousand more died defending the area when the Germans invaded. Dr. Merrick Adelman is one of the very few who survived. A book called Shielding the Flame is his story. It was written in Poland ten years ago by Hannah Kroll. It is now available in this country in English. Yohannes Toshimska is one of the translators. She says that Merrick Adelman's view of the ghetto uprising is regarded as unconventional.
Shielding the Flame by Hannah Kroll.
“He doesn't use the language, or even he doesn't have the attitude people usually have to the holocaust and to the ghetto uprisings. One thing he's consistently talking about is the fact that people thought was the arms in the ghetto. It wasn’t heroic; it was easier than to die going to the train cars. And that people who participated in the ghetto uprising were actually, in a sense, lucky. They had arms; they could do something about what was going on while those hundreds of thousands who were led to the train cars were equally heroic, but their death was much more difficult.”
“Dr. Adelman was stationed ... he was working in a clinic; he was not a doctor then; but he was working in a clinic that was nearby the train station where the Jews were taken to go off to the concentration camps.”
“Yes. He had an amazing position. He was standing at the gate to the Hmflat Platz, which was the place from where the Jews were taken into the train cars. He was a member of the underground in the ghetto, and he was choosing the people who were needed by the underground. They were perhaps one or two in many thousands of them led every day to the cars. And he would pick these people up, and then young girls who were students at the nurses' school would disabilitate these people. He describes in the book, it's a very powerful scene, how these girls, who were wearing beautiful clean white uniforms of nurse students, would take two pieces of wood and with these two pieces of wood would break legs of the people who were supposed to be saved for the Jewish underground. But the Germans, to the last moment, wanted to maintain the fiction that people who were taken to the trains were being taken for work. And obviously a person with a broken leg couldn't work. So breaking a leg would temporarily save that person from being taken into gas.”
“So he saw in all, I believe he says four hundred thousand people, go aboard the train.”
“Yes. He stood there from the very beginning of the extermination action to the end.”
“With regard to what you were saying earlier, there's a dialogue that develops in the book between an American professor who comes to visit the doctor many years later, and is critical of what happened. He says of the Jews, 'You were going like sheep to your deaths.' The professor had been in World War II; he'd landed on a French beach, and he said that 'Men should run, men should shoot. You were going like sheep.' And Adelman explains this, and let me quote him. 'It is a horrendous thing when one is going so quietly to one's death. It is infinitely more difficult than to go out shooting. After all, it is much easier to die firing. For us, it was much easier to die than it was for someone who first boarded a train car, then rode the train, then dug a hole, then undressed naked.' That's difficult to understand, but then Hannah Kroll says that she understands it because it's easier for people who are watching this to understand, when the people are dying shooting.'
“It is something probably easier to comprehend because the kind of death most of the people from the ghetto encountered is just beyond comprehension.”
“Explain the context of the title for Shielding the Flame; it comes up a bit later on. It has to do with the reason that Dr. Adelman becomes a physician, a cardiologist, after the War, is that he wants this opportunity to deal with people who are in a life-or-death situation.”
“He says at some point that what he was doing at Hmflat Platz and what he was doing later on as a doctor is like to shield the flame from God who wants to blow this little tiny flame and kill the person, that what he was doing during the War and after the War was, in a way, doing God's work or doing something against God, even if the God existed.”
“Do you think this book is going to be accessible to the Western reader reading it in English? It is a bit free in form and in style. It lacks a chronology; certain details are not there or are pre-supposed that one knows.”
“This book is a little bit like a conversation of two people who aren't that much aware of the fact that someone else is listening to it. And they don't care about this other person who might be listening to it. They don't help this person to follow it. I had a hard time even when I read it for the first time in Polish. However, for me, it has magnetic power and, despite the confusion, I always wanted to go back and to go on.”
Yahannes Tashimska, the translator, along with Lawrence Weshler, of Shielding the Flame by Hannah Kroll.
第三節 特別報道：介紹新書《庇護的火焰》
猶太人在波蘭曆史並不總是在那個國被提起。而在第二次世界大戰在華沙猶太人聚居區的自由戰士們的故事是最悲慘的一章。納粹造成了成千上萬的猶太人死亡，7000多人在抵抗德國對這一地區的入侵過程中喪生。梅裏克阿德爾曼博士是極少數的幸存者之一。一本名叫《庇護的火焰》書講述的是他的故事。它是由漢娜克羅爾10年前寫於波蘭。現在這本書在美國以英文發行。約翰內斯托錫馬絲卡是翻譯之一。她說，梅裏克阿德爾曼的關於猶太隔離區的起義的看法是不合常理的。
“對於人們通常理解的大屠殺和隔離區的起義，他沒有說什麽，甚至沒有表態。他始終如一地談論的一個事實是人們認為在貧民區裏的武裝。這不是勇敢，而是比上火車（被送到死亡營）還要容易的死法。而那些參加隔離區起義的人們，實際上是有這樣的感覺，那就是幸運。他們有武器，他們可以做些將要發生的，導致成千上萬的人被趕上火車（送到死亡營）同樣的勇敢的事，但他們的死要困難得多。”
“阿德爾曼博士被安置...在一家診所工作，他不是醫生，但他在一個靠近火車站的診所工作，就從那裏猶太人被送往集中營。”
波蘭華沙猶太人隔離區
“是的。他處在一個嚇人的位置。他站在麵向赫姆弗萊特廣場的門前，在那裏猶太被趕上火車，他是隔離區秘密組織成員，為秘密組織挑選所需要的人。從每天上車的成千的人裏也許能找出1－2人。他將這些人接出來，然後年輕的護士學校的女孩把這些人弄殘廢。他在書裏描寫到，這是一個非常刺痛心肺的場景，這些都穿著漂亮幹淨的護生白色製服的女孩子，拿來兩片木板，然後用這兩塊木板把那些以為猶太人秘密組織會救他們性命的人的腿弄折。德國人，在最後一刻，希望維持一種假象，就是被帶到上車人是去工作。顯然一個腿斷了的人是無法工作的。因此，弄斷一條腿會暫時把正要送進毒氣室的人救下來。”
“因此，他全都看到了，我相信他說的40萬人，上了火車。”
“是的。他就站在裏從滅絕行動的開始到結束。”
“關於你剛才說過的，書裏提到過一段對話，一個美國教授多年以後來看望博士時批評了所發生的事。他說到猶太人‘你是打算像頭綿羊那樣死去’。這位教授曾在第二次世界大戰中，登陸過法國的海灘，他說‘人們應該逃跑，人們應該反抗。你卻象綿羊那樣。’而阿德爾曼解釋這一點時，讓我引用他的話就是，‘當人們這樣靜靜地走向死亡真是件可怕的事，這比起進行戰鬥是極其艱難的。畢竟，被射殺是非常容易的。對我們來說，比起有人先登上火車，坐車，然後挖個坑，再脫光衣服這樣死是非常容易的。’這很難理解，但漢娜克羅爾說，她能理解，對於目睹別人被射殺的人來說很容易理解。
“這是件很容易理解的事，因為對大多數隔離區裏的人的這種死法是無法理解的。”
“對《庇護的火焰》的標題的背景注釋是在靠後的部分。他必須這樣做的原因，是在戰後，阿德爾曼博士成為一名醫生，一位心髒病專家，希望因此有機會處理人的生與死的境遇。”
“他說，有關他在赫姆弗萊特廣場做過的事和他後來成為醫生所做的就是庇護上帝要吹滅的微弱的火苗，而殺死那人，他在戰爭期間做的和戰後做的，從某種程度上來說是在做上帝的工作或在做反上帝的工作，即使是上帝真的存在的話。”
波蘭華沙猶太人隔離區起義紀念碑
“你覺得這本書容易被西方讀者用英文讀懂嗎？他的形式和風格有些自由。它缺乏時間順序，有的部分內容沒有寫進去或假定人們事先都已知道。”
“這本書有點像兩個人在對話，一個人不明白那麽多的別人聽到的事實。而他們並不在意其他可能聽到的。他們不幫助這個人理解他們。當我第一次讀波蘭文的這本書時，的確經曆過一段困難時期。不過，對我來說，它有仿佛有磁力，盡管混亂，我經常要翻回去看才能繼續讀下去。”
約翰內斯托錫馬絲卡，翻譯，和勞倫斯魏施利，（共同翻譯）漢娜克羅爾的《庇護的火焰》。
1972年12月7日，德國總理，前反法西斯主義者，威利勃蘭特在波蘭華沙猶太人隔離區起義紀念碑前為“其他德國人的所作所為”下跪懺悔。
