background:
烏托邦鼠實驗(Utopia Rats Experiment) 宇宙25號(Universe 25)=飽食不想活
You're right—Maslow later expanded his hierarchy to incorporate additional needs, acknowledging that human motivation is more complex and multifaceted than his original five-tier model. One of these additions is Cognitive Needs, which include the human drive for knowledge, understanding, and exploration, often associated with innate curiosity.
Revised Version of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs:
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Physiological Needs (Basic Needs)
- Food, water, air, sleep, shelter, and other essentials for survival.
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Safety Needs (Basic Needs)
- Security, protection, stability, and health.
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Love and Belongingness Needs (Psychological Needs)
- Friendship, intimacy, family, and social connections.
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Esteem Needs (Psychological Needs)
- Self-esteem, recognition, respect, and status.
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Cognitive Needs (Added in Later Years)
- Curiosity and the desire for knowledge, understanding, and mental stimulation.
- Maslow introduced this level to account for our innate desire to learn, explore, and seek meaning. It reflects the idea that beyond self-fulfillment, people have an intrinsic motivation to expand their intellectual horizons and engage in problem-solving and critical thinking.
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Self-Actualization Needs (Self-Fulfillment Needs)
- Achieving one's potential, personal growth, creativity, and pursuing personal goals.
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Aesthetic Needs (Added in Later Years)
- The appreciation of beauty, symmetry, and balance in one’s environment.
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Self-Transcendence Needs (Added in Later Years)
- Going beyond oneself to connect with the broader universe or to help others achieve their potential.
- This need reflects a spiritual or altruistic motivation to find meaning beyond personal self-fulfillment.
These additions by Maslow provide a more comprehensive view of human motivation, capturing our desire to learn and create, appreciate beauty, and ultimately transcend the self.
