中風是指當流向腦部的血液減少或停止時就會發生中風。血流會由一塊血 栓、一個斑塊或一個血管泄漏而遭到阻塞。有時流向腦部的血隻是 短暫受到阻塞。 如果您有中風症狀,但是這些症狀在幾分鍾至幾個小時之後消失, 這稱為 TIA (Transient Ischemic Attack) 或短暫性腦缺血或“小中風”。這是強烈警告,告訴您 有問題並且將來可能發生中風。
當流向腦部的血流受到阻塞,造成永久性損傷時,這稱為中風。流向 腦部的血流受到阻塞時,可通過做檢查來發現阻塞的類型、位置和 原因。 症狀 中風的影響取決於腦損位置和程度。中風的症狀會很突然,一般包括:
四肢/麵部: 手臂或腿部有麻木、麻刺或虛弱感,該現象經常隻是在身體的一側
大腦:意識混亂或理解有困難
語言:說話有問題
視力:一隻眼睛或雙眼看東西有問題
行動:暈眩或難以保持平衡、動作不協調或走路有問題
頭:原因不明的突然性劇烈頭痛
哪一類工作容易導致中風?
作舟 轉譯
與工作、工作壓力無關的導致中風的原因有:有高血壓、糖尿病、高血液膽固醇、心髒病或有過中風;有家族中風史; 體重過量;不活動或不鍛煉;生活有很多壓力;吃高膽固醇和高脂肪食物;煙酒;使用毒品;頭部受傷或有出血疾病。
最新研究數據表明“工薪階層”的工作時間和工作上的壓力、緊張和患中風有直接關係。也就是說,就算你沒有上述病症或遺傳,“工作”帶來的壓力和緊張感已經被視為中風的警報。
Researchers Link Longer Work Hours and Stroke Risk
AUGUST 19, 2015
藍賽報告--每周工作時間超過55小時,中風率為33%;冠狀動脈心髒疾病率增加13%
People who work 55 hours or more per week have a 33 percent greater risk of stroke and a 13 percent greater risk of coronary heart disease than those working standard hours, researchers reported on Wednesday in the Lancet.
The new analysis includes data on more than 600,000 individuals in Europe, the United States and Australia, and is the largest study thus far of the relationship between working hours and cardiovascular health. But the analysis was not designed to draw conclusions about what caused the increased risk and could not account for all relevant confounding factors.
“Earlier studies have pointed to heart attacks as a risk of long working hours, but not stroke,” said Dr. Urban Janlert, a professor of public health at Umea University in Sweden, who wrote an accompanying editorial. “That’s surprising.”
Mika Kivimaki, a professor of epidemiology at University College London, and his colleagues combined the results of multiple studies and tried to account for factors that might skew the results. In addition to culling data from published studies, the researchers also compiled unpublished information from public databases and asked authors of previous work for additional data.
Seventeen studies of stroke included 528,908 men and women who were tracked on average 7.2 years. Some 1,722 nonfatal and deadly strokes were recorded. After controlling for smoking, physical activity and high blood pressure and cholesterol, the researchers found a one-third greater risk of stroke among those workers who reported logging 55 or more hours weekly, compared with those who reported working the standard 35 to 40 hours.
While the increase in risk for each individual was slight, experts said the effect was noteworthy in a large population in which many people are working long hours.
In his editorial, Dr. Janlert said, “Long working hours are not a negligible occurrence.” Full-time American workers in nonagricultural industries labor for an average 42.5 hours per week, according to Bureau of Labor Statistics.
But workweek hours vary sharply depending on occupation and company culture. In Gallup surveys in 2013 and 2014, nearly four in 10 full-time American workers reported laboring at least 50 hours weekly, and half said they usually work more than 40 hours.
心髒病、中風危險群體不分男女老少、經濟、社會地位高低
Dr. Kivimaki and his colleagues also found the risk of stroke increased as work hours lengthened. But he said, “we found no differences between men and women, or between older people and younger ones, or those with higher or lower socioeconomic status.”
Dr. Ralph Sacco, a former president of the American Heart Association, said, “The consistency of the findings across published and unpublished data — that alignment is a strength and makes this more convincing.”
The analysis of coronary heart disease among workers included 25 studies involving 603,838 people. (Some of these studies were also used in the stroke analysis.) After a mean of 8.5 years, 4,768 had received diagnoses of heart disease as a cause of death or hospitalization. The researchers accounted for age, sex and socioeconomic status.
Dr. Stephen L. Kopecky, a professor of medicine in the division of cardiology at the Mayo Clinic, said that this analysis did not fully account for the effects of cholesterol, family history and blood pressure in all cases, so it is possible that long hours are not entirely to blame.
工作緊張:當雇員的工作量和需求大(被動的),而隻有很少的控製權(沒有主動權,隻能聽老板的),被稱為Job Strain. 工作的緊張直接導致高血壓,而高血壓後,則是中風。
Furthermore, he argued, it matters to stroke risk whether an employee has a job with high demands and little control, which researchers call “job strain.”
“You have higher blood pressure when you have job strain,” Dr. Kopecky said. “And guess what that’s associated with? Stroke.”
Another limitation: individuals were asked just once the number of hours they work.
A randomized trial could shed light on whether working long hours actually causes strokes. For example, scientists could assign some people working long hours to reduce them, and other overachievers to keep up their long hours, and then measure the health consequences and track factors like blood pressure, sleep duration, and stress response.
聖 勞 倫 斯 的 眼 淚
【 晚 禱 】
無 性 的 婚 姻 -- 女 人 默 默 忍 受 【組圖】
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