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2009-10-09 20:35 消息 引用 分享
What Is Prediabetes or Borderline Diabetes?
http://diabetes.webmd.com/what-is-prediabetes-or-borderline-diabetes
什麽是前驅糖尿病（臨界糖尿病）？
People with prediabetes have glucose levels that are higher than normal but not high enough yet to indicate diabetes. The condition used to be called borderline diabetes. Most people with prediabetes don't have symptoms, but they are considered to be at high risk of developing heart disease.
前驅糖尿病患者是指那些血糖雖高於正常值卻仍未達到糖尿病診斷標準的人們。這種健康狀況過去常常被叫做臨界糖尿病。大部分前驅糖尿病患者都沒有明顯症狀，但他們被認為有極高的心髒病發病風險。
Normally, your body produces a hormone called insulin to help your cells use the energy (glucose) found in food. With diabetes, either your body doesn't make enough insulin or doesn't efficiently use the insulin it does produce. When glucose builds up in the blood, it can damage the tiny blood vessels in the kidneys, heart, eyes, and nervous system.
正常情況下，你的身體會產生一種名為胰島素的激素來幫助細胞利用從食物中獲取的能量（葡萄糖）。當患者罹患糖尿病時，機體便無法產生足量的胰島素，或是無法有效利用它所產生的胰島素。當葡萄糖在血液中堆積時，它便能夠損傷腎髒、心髒、眼睛以及神經係統等諸多部位的小血管。
With prediabetes, the subtle balance between glucose and insulin has been thrown off. The pancreas may not be able to produce enough insulin after a meal to "clear" the incoming glucose from the blood. Or cells may be insulin resistant. When cells are insulin resistant, they won't allow the insulin to escort glucose from the bloodstream into them. Too much glucose in the blood is also called high blood sugar or hyperglycemia. A low blood sugar level is called hypoglycemia.
罹患糖尿病後，血糖和胰島素之間的微妙平衡就被打破了。胰腺有可能無法產生足量的餐後胰島素以“清除”新攝入血液的葡萄糖。或是細胞產生了胰島素抵抗。當細胞處於胰島素抵抗狀態時，它們將阻礙胰島素從血流中轉運葡萄糖至細胞內。血液中葡萄糖濃度過高也被稱為高血糖或是高糖血症。血糖濃度過低則被稱為低糖血症。
If you have prediabetes, you're at high risk of developing type 2 diabetes as well as the serious medical problems associated with diabetes, including heart disease and stroke. With prediabetes, you are at a 50% higher risk of heart disease and stroke than someone who does not have prediabetes.
如果你已經罹患了前驅糖尿病，你便有極高的Ⅱ型糖尿病發病風險，同樣有高發病風險的還有那些糖尿病相關的嚴重並發症，諸如心髒病和中風。如果你已經患有前驅糖尿病，和那些沒有罹患前驅糖尿病的人群相比，你發生心髒病和中風的風險要高出50%。
How is prediabetes diagnosed?
Two blood tests are commonly used to determine if you have diabetes or prediabetes. One is the fasting plasma glucose test (FPG). The other is oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). These tests measure how quickly your body can "clear" glucose from your blood. The American Diabetes Association supports either test to diagnose prediabetes and diabetes.
前驅糖尿病的診斷標準是什麽？
為了確診你是否罹患糖尿病或是前驅糖尿病，常會用到兩種血液檢查。一種名為空腹血糖測試（FPG）。另一種則是口服糖耐量測試（OGTT）。這些檢查是為了查明你的身體能以多快的速度“清除”血糖。美國糖尿病協會認為這兩項檢查中的任意一項均可用於診斷前驅糖尿病和糖尿病。
How is the fasting plasma glucose test (FPG) done?
The fasting plasma glucose test can be done after an overnight fast or after an eight-hour fast during the day. It is a relatively easy, inexpensive test. After the fast, a simple blood test measures glucose levels before you eat again. The test results indicate whether your blood glucose level is normal or whether you have prediabetes or diabetes:
空腹血糖測試（FPG）是如何實施的？
空腹血糖測試可以在一夜禁食，或是白天禁食8小時後實施。它是一種相對簡單，花銷低廉的檢測。在禁食後，在再次進食前進行一次簡單的血糖檢測。檢測結果可以查明你的血糖濃度是否正常，或者你是否已經罹患前驅糖尿病或是糖尿病。
Normal: Normal blood sugar levels measure less than 100 mg/dl (milligrams per deciliter) after the fasting glucose test.
Prediabetes: Blood glucose levels of 100-125 mg/dl after an overnight or eight-hour fast is diagnosed as prediabetes. People with these results are considered to have impaired fasting glucose (IFG).
Diabetes: Diabetes is diagnosed when the blood glucose is 126 mg/dl or above.
正常：正常血糖濃度指空腹血糖測試結果不超過100 mg/dl（毫克每分升）。
前驅糖尿病：在一夜或8小時禁食後血糖濃度在100-125 mg/dl之間，即可診斷為前驅糖尿病。出現這類情況的人被認為存在著空腹血糖受損（IFG）。
糖尿病：當血糖濃度達到或高於126 mg/dl時即可診斷為糖尿病。
How is the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) done?
The OGTT usually requires that you have the fasting glucose test first. Then you take a dose of high-sugar (glucose) solution to challenge your body to clear the glucose from your blood. After two hours, another blood glucose test is done. The final test results indicate whether you have a normal level of blood glucose or have prediabetes or diabetes:
口服糖耐量測試（OGTT）時如何實施的？
在進行OGTT之前通常會要求你先進行空腹血糖測試。然後你需要服用一劑高糖（葡萄糖）溶液，用於檢測你的身體從血液中清除葡萄糖的能力。在兩小時後，需要進行另一次血糖檢測。最終的檢測結果可以查明你的血糖濃度是否正常，以及你是否已經罹患（前驅）糖尿病。
Normal: Normal blood sugar levels measure less than 140 mg/dl after the oral glucose tolerance test.
Prediabetes: Blood glucose levels of 140-199 mg/dl after the OGTT is diagnosed as prediabetes. People with these results are considered to have impaired glucose tolerance (IGT).
Diabetes: Diabetes is diagnosed with blood glucose of 200 mg/dl or above.
正常：在進行口服糖耐量測試時，正常血糖濃度應該低於140 mg/dl。
前驅糖尿病：在OGTT檢測中，血糖濃度在140-199 mg/dl之間即可診斷為前驅糖尿病。出現這類情況的人被認為存在著糖耐量受損（IGT）。
糖尿病：當血糖濃度達到或高於200 mg/dl時即可診斷為糖尿病。
How common is prediabetes?
The CDC estimates that as many as 57 million Americans aged 20 or older have prediabetes. That's based on national statistics of people who have been diagnosed with impaired fasting glucose.
前驅糖尿病經常發生嗎？
據CDC估計，有多達5700萬年齡在20歲及以上的美國人患有前驅糖尿病。這一推斷是依據空腹血糖受損人群的國家統計資料作出的。
Prediabetes should not be ignored. It signals the likely onset of a more serious condition, and it can begin the process of doing damage to your heart and possibly other organs such as the kidneys, eyes, and nervous system.
前驅糖尿病理應受到重視。它預示著你的身體很可能即將出現一種更嚴重的疾病，而這一疾病可能會損傷你的心髒和其它髒器，比如腎髒、眼睛和神經係統。
Are there lifestyle changes recommended for prediabetes?
Lifestyle changes can help many people with prediabetes to delay -- or even prevent -- the onset of full-blown diabetes. Changes that can help prevent diabetes include losing weight to bring total weight to a near-normal range, exercising daily, and eating balanced meals.
對於前驅糖尿病，是否有一些值得推薦的健康生活方式？
改變生活方式可以幫助那些已經患有前驅糖尿病的人們延緩——甚至是預防——糖尿病的進行性發展。這些能夠協助患者預防糖尿病的改變包括：減輕體重，以使總體重達到近乎正常的水平，規律鍛煉，以及均衡飲食。
In a large research study called the Diabetes Prevention Program, the following lifestyle changes reduced the development of diabetes over three years by 58%. For people aged 60 or older, the reduction was an even greater 71%.
在一項名為糖尿病預防項目的大型研究中，在3年的時間裏，以下生活方式的改變減少了58%糖尿病的發生。在年齡在60歲及60歲以上的人群中，這一數值甚至超過了71%。
Weight control. Obese and overweight people are at high risk of having prediabetes turn into diabetes. Losing excess weight to bring weight within normal ranges for your height can reduce your risk of type 2 diabetes. Even losing 5% to 10% of excess body weight can help.
控製體重。對肥胖和超重的人們而言，其前驅糖尿病轉化為糖尿病的風險更高。減去多餘的體重，將體重控製在與你身高相對應的正常範圍之內可以降低你罹患Ⅱ型糖尿病的風險，即使僅僅減掉5%到10%的多餘體重也會有助於此。
Exercise. Studies have shown that moderate exercise for 30 minutes a day, such as cycling, swimming, or brisk walking, helps prevent -- and manage -- diabetes. Aerobic exercise, the kind that gets your heart rate up to your target heart rate, is ideal for losing weight and preventing prediabetes from turning into type 2 diabetes.
體育鍛煉。研究顯示每天30分鍾左右的適量運動，譬如騎自行車、遊泳、快走，均有助於預防和控製糖尿病。有氧運動，那種可以使你的心率達到目標水平的運動，是減輕體重和預防前驅糖尿病轉化成Ⅱ型糖尿病的最佳方式。
Nutrition. Healthy meals that mix a balance of low-fat protein, vegetables, and whole grains can help prevent prediabetes from becoming real diabetes. Calorie control, portion sizes (no super-sizing), and low-sugar, low-carbohydrate choices are key. Eating adequate fiber every day also helps.
營養。健康膳食一般是由低脂肪蛋白質、蔬菜和全穀食品均衡混合而成，它有助於預防前驅糖尿病轉化成為真正的糖尿病。注意控製食物的熱量、分量大小（沒有超量），以及選擇低糖、低碳水化合物的食物是關鍵。每天都攝入足量的纖維素也有助於此。
Blood pressurecontrol. Because hypertension is associated with type 2 diabetes, keeping blood pressure within or close to normal ranges can help delay -- and control -- diabetes.
控製血壓。因為血壓和Ⅱ型糖尿病相互關聯，保持血壓處於或者接近正常範圍將有助於延緩和控製糖尿病的發生。
Your doctor may also advise lowering any other heart disease risks you may have, such as smoking and high cholesterol levels.
你的醫生也可能會建議你應該減少其它心髒病風險因素，諸如吸煙和高水平的膽固醇。
You can control your prediabetes by creating a healthier lifestyle. If prediabetes does become type 2 diabetes, these lifestyle changes -- weight control, exercise, nutrition, and blood pressure control -- build the platform for managing diabetes for life. A healthy lifestyle can also help you prevent or delay the need to begin using medications such as insulin to control blood sugar levels.
你可以通過建立一種更為健康的生活方式來控製你的前驅糖尿病病情。如果它真的發展成為了Ⅱ型糖尿病，這些生活方式的改變——控製體重、體育鍛煉、注意營養和控製血壓——將會成為你控製糖尿病過程中終身受益的平台。一種健康的生活方式還可以幫助你預防或是延緩采取醫學手段諸如胰島素來控製血糖水平。 |
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