[英詩漢譯] 莎士比亞的夏天（十四行詩第18首）

SONNET 18  by Shakespeare	十四行詩 18  湘西山民譯
Shall I compare thee to a summer's day? Thou art more lovely and more temperate: Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May, And summer's lease hath all too short a date:	我欲將君比夏日， 溫柔美麗幾時言？ 風搖五月鮮花動， 夏去匆忙過隙間。
Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,  And often is his gold complexion dimm'd; And every fair from fair sometime declines, By chance or nature's changing course untrimm'd;	天眼閃時如火焰， 金容隱處盡烏顏。 良辰好景終歸去， 時序偶然總變遷。
But thy eternal summer shall not fade  Nor lose possession of that fair thou owest; Nor shall Death brag thou wander'st in his shade, When in eternal lines to time thou growest:	願爾夏時存亙古， 青春豔麗駐人寰。 死神地府難誇口， 詞句永生記盛年。
So long as men can breathe or eyes can see,  So long lives this and this gives life to thee.	縱使天荒地也老， 君名長伴此詩篇。

（一）詩義

這一首14行詩是莎士比亞最著名的一首。以下是現代英語翻譯版本之一（引自網絡）：

Shall I compare you to a summer day?
You’re lovelier and milder.
Rough winds shake the pretty buds of May,
and summer doesn’t last nearly long enough.

Sometimes the sun shines too hot, 
and often its golden face is darkened by clouds.
And everything beautiful stops being beautiful,
either by accident or simply in the course of nature.

But your eternal summer will never fade, 
nor will you lose possession of your beauty,
nor shall death brag that you are wandering in the underworld,
once you’re captured in my eternal verses.

As long as men are alive and have eyes with which to see, 
this poem will live and keep you alive.

（二）詩律

十四行詩結構上可分三個小段（quatrain），加最後兩句（couplet） 作結。押韻規律是：ABAB CDCD EFEF GG。 

另外，莎翁的十四行詩每句都是10個音節（syllable)，分為5個音步（meter）。每個音步一個輕讀音節一個重讀音節構成抑揚格。

格律： 
baBOOM / baBOOM / baBOOM / baBOOM / baBOOM.

例句：
Shall I / com PARE/ thee TO / a SUM / mer’s DAY?
Thou ART / more LOVE / ly AND / more TEM / per ATE

（三）詩味

莎士比亞的詩，讀起來至少應該有點古香古色。

（四）翻譯

翻譯莎士比亞的十四行詩，如果要照顧詩義，詩律，詩味的話，用格律詩律句的形式比較合適。

詩義，很多翻譯都做到了。

詩律，很多翻譯都照搬原詩押韻格式，似乎與漢語習慣相差較遠。抑揚則完全不顧。十四行詩為五音步，七言詩為四音步。但漢語沒有五音步的格律詩，故用七言四音步。

詩味，用格律詩翻譯格律詩，從形式上來說應該是比較恰當的。翻譯時平仄安排前8句與七律相同，後6句按照粘對的規則繼續。 能用對仗聯句用對仗。