合唱經典：海頓的《危難時代彌撒》（Missa in Angustiis，1798）

海頓在不同時期先後寫過十四部彌撒。他晚年兩次訪問倫敦後回到奧地利，在用部分時間繼續擔任艾斯特哈奇宮廷樂長期間，寫了他的最後六部彌撒，據說都是按約定為一年一度親王妻子的命名日而作，其中1798年的《危難時代彌撒》是最著名的。

“危難時代”這個名字出自海頓本人，一般認為這是因為1798年作曲家寫作這部彌撒時，拿破侖戰爭的陰影正籠罩著奧地利。後來，可能就在這部作品首演的當年9月15日，海頓和觀眾們都聽到一個好消息：英國海軍中將霍雷肖·納爾遜（Horatio Nelson）已於當年8月率英國海軍在尼羅河之戰中擊敗了法國海軍。於是這部彌撒又被人稱作“納爾遜勳爵彌撒”（Lord Nelson Mass），簡稱“納爾遜彌撒”。

關於作品的原名 “危難時代”，還有一種看法認為，這也可能是由於當時海頓的疾病和疲憊，加上他可用的樂器受到了限製。因為當時的艾斯特哈奇親王－尼古拉斯二世對音樂的興趣不像其前任尼古拉斯一世那樣大，就在海頓開始寫這部彌撒之前，尼古拉斯二世為了節約開支，砍掉了其宮廷樂隊中的八件管樂器（wind band octet），即雙簧管，單簧管，大管，圓號各兩支。這對已經寫過一百多部交響曲的海頓來說，無疑也是一種“危難時代”。結果這部作品的樂隊隻有弦樂，小號，定音鼓和風琴。盡管如此，《危難時代彌撒》仍然成為深受歡迎的名作。後世有的演出增加了被認為缺失管樂器，但當代的演出仍多保留海頓原來的配器。

作品基本按傳統彌撒的形式寫成，歌詞用拉丁文，由以下六部分共十一段組成：

“慈悲經”（Kyrie），一段；

“榮耀經”（Gloria），三段；

“信經”（Credo），三段；

“聖哉經”（Sanctus），一段；

“降福經”（Benedictus），一段；

“羔羊經”（Agnus dei），兩段。

傳統彌撒拉丁文與中譯文歌詞對照見本係列第一篇（合唱經典：前言；若斯坎的《“唱吧，歌喉”彌撒》）的附錄，或以下鏈接：www.tpf.org.tw/upload/editor/file/2.pdf 。本文後附有轉貼的海頓《危難時代彌撒》拉丁文與英譯文歌詞對照。

這部彌撒給我印象最深的是開頭。以往聽過的彌撒常以緩慢深沉的音調開始；而這部作品卻是由小號，弦樂與定音鼓奏出強勁而悲壯的小調式的引子，隨後合唱以近乎是呐喊的氣勢反複唱出“求主憐憫！”這樣的開頭令人震撼，也與 “危難時代”人們的焦慮情緒很吻合。當然後麵的獨唱，重唱，合唱及樂隊部分也都很有精彩，不愧是名作。

關於這部作品的更多信息，見英文維基百科：

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missa_in_Angustiis

 

下麵是第一部分“慈悲經”的音像，由法國拉慕魯音樂會管弦樂團 （Orchestre des Concerts Lamoureux） 與合唱團演出，米歇爾 皮克馬爾（Michel Piquemal）指揮，演出年代不詳：

Haydn - Nelson Mass(Hob. XXII:11) I. Kyrie eleison

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F-_lSME7tJ4&ab_channel=askim925

 

下麵是《危難時代彌撒》的完整音像，由美國巴赫演奏家樂團（American Bach Soloists）, 太平洋莫紮特合唱團（Pacific Mozart Ensemble）演出，格蕾特·佩德森（Grete Pedersen）指揮，演出年代不詳：

Soloists：

Tamara Matthews,

Zoila Muñoz,

David Arnold,

Benjamin Butterfield，

Jonathan Dimmock

Haydn HobXXII 11 Lord Nelson Mass Nelson Messe Missa in Angustiis Grete Pedersen

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O1lGDuB9NP8&ab_channel=SonorumConcentus

 

下麵是作品的另一個演出版本，雖隻有音頻，但表演質量很高，由英國巴洛克演奏家樂團（English Baroque Soloists）和蒙特威爾第的合唱團  （The Monteverdi Choir ）演出，指揮加迪納（John Eliot Gardiner），年代不詳。音頻有分段鏈接：

Haydn - Lord Nelson Mass

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4l2c58sWCC4&ab_channel=spectrealpha

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附錄：

下麵是轉貼的海頓的《危難時代彌撒》拉丁文與英譯文歌詞對照：

（ZT）Miscellaneous Translations

Missa "in Angustiis" - Lord Nelson Mass

Franz Josef Haydn：

http://emmanuelmusic.org/notes_translations/translations_other/t_haydn_LordNelsonMass.htm

Kyrie - Chor and S Solo Kyrie eleison. Christe eleison. Kyrie eleison.

Kyrie - Chorus and S Solo Lord, have mercy. Christ, have mercy. Lord, have mercy.

Gloria - Chor, SATB solo Gloria in excelsis Deo,  Et in terra pax hominibus bonae voluntatis. Laudamus te, benedicimus te, Adoramus te, glorificamus te. Gratias agimus tibi propter  magnam gloriam tuam. Domine Deus, Rex coelestis,  Deus Pater omnipotens. Domine Fili unigenite, Jesu Christe. Domine Deus, Agnus Dei, Filius Patris. Qui tollis peccata mundi,  Miserere nobis. Qui tollis peccata mundi, Suscipe deprecationem nostram. Qui sedes ad dexteram Patris, miserere nobis. Quoniam tu solus sanctus,  tu solus Dominus, Tu solus altissimus, Jesu Christe. Cum Sancto Spiritu  in gloria Dei Patris, Amen.

Gloria - Chorus, SATB solo Glory to God in the highest, And peace on earth to men of good will. We praise You, we bless You,  We worship You, we glorify You. We give You thanks  for Your great glory. Lord God, King of Heaven, God the Father Almighty. Lord only-begotten Son, Jesus Christ. Lord God, Lamb of God, Son of the Father. You who take away the sin of the world,  Have mercy on us. You who take away the sin of the world, Hear our prayer. You who sit at the right hand of the Father, have mercy on us. For You alone are holy,  You alone are Lord, You alone are the Most High, Jesus Christ. With the Holy Spirit  in the glory of God the Father, Amen.

Credo - Chor, SATB solo Credo in unum Deum,  Patrem omnipotentem, factorem coeli et terrae, visibilium omnium et invisibilium. Et in unum Dominum Jesum Christum, Filium Dei unigenitum,  et ex patre natum ante omnia saecula,  Deum de Deo, lumen de lumine, Deum verum de Deo vero,  genitum non factum,  consubstantialem Patri;  per quem omnia facta sunt.  Qui propter nos homines et propter nostram salutem descendit de coelis. Et incarnatus est de Spiritu Sancto, ex Maria virgine;  et homo factus est. Crucifixus etiam pro nobis  sub Pontio Pilato,  passus et sepultus est.  Et resurrexit tertia die  secundum Scripturas, et ascendit in coelum,  sedet ad dexteram Patris,  et iterum venturus est cum gloria,  judicare vivos et mortuos,  cujus regni non erit finis.  Et in Spiritum Sanctum  Dominum, et vivificantem,  qui ex Patre Filioque procedit, qui cum Patre et Filio  simul adoratur, et conglorificatur,  qui locutus est per Prophetas. Et unam sanctam catholicam  et apostolicam Eccelsiam.  Confiteor unum baptisma  in remissionem peccatorum,  et expecto resurrectionem mortuorum, et vitam venturi saeculi. Amen.

Credo - Chorus, SATB solo I believe in one God,  the Father, the Almighty, maker of heaven and earth, of all that is, seen and unseen. And in one Lord Jesus Christ,  the only Son of God,  eternally begotten of the Father, God from God, light from light, true God from true God,  begotten, not made, of one being with the Father;  through Him all things were made.  For us and for our salvation  He came down from heaven. He became incarnate from the Virgin Mary by the power of the Holy Spirit, and was made man.  For our sake He was crucified  under Pontius Pilate;  He suffered death and was buried.  He rose again on the third day  in accordance with the Scriptures;  He ascended into heaven,  and is seated at the right hand of the Father; He will come again in glory  to judge the living and the dead,  and His kingdom will have no end. And I believe in the Holy Spirit,  the Lord, the giver of Life,  who proceeds from the Father and the Son; with the Father and the Son  He is worshipped and glorified.  He has spoken through the prophets.  I believe in one holy catholic  and apostolic Church;  I acknowledge one baptism  for the forgiveness of sins;  I look for the resurrection of the dead,  and the life of the world to come. Amen.

Sanctus - Chor Sanctus, Sanctus, Sanctus,  Dominus Deus Sabaoth. Pleni sunt coeli et terra gloria tua. Osanna in excelsis. Benedictus - Chor, SATB solo Benedictus qui venit  in nomine Domini. Osanna in excelsis. Agnus Dei - Chor, SATB Solo Agnus Dei  qui tollis peccata mundi, miserere nobis. Agnus Dei  qui tollis peccata mundi, miserere nobis. Agnus Dei  qui tollis peccata mundi, dona nobis pacem.

Sanctus - Chorus Holy, holy, holy,  Lord God of Hosts. Heaven and earth are full of your glory, Hosannah in the highest. Benedictus - Chorus, SATB solo Blessed is He who comes  in the name of the Lord, Hosannah in the highest. Agnus Dei - Chorus, SATB Solo Lamb of God,  who takes away the sin of the world, have mercy on us. Lamb of God,  who takes away the sin of the world, have mercy on us. Lamb of God,  who takes away the sin of the world, grant us peace.