給你看看：x86架構的智利產權，最新的是AMD AMD64；

1. Origins (1970s)

• Intel 8086 (1978) – The beginning of the x86 instruction set architecture (ISA).

  • The name "x86" comes from the last digits of its successors (8086, 80186, 80286, etc.).

  • Intel owned the ISA design as intellectual property, but the CPU market soon became more complex due to licensing.

• Early Licensing

  • In the late 1970s and 1980s, Intel licensed x86 designs to other companies to ensure supply for IBM PCs.

  • IBM insisted on multiple suppliers for CPUs, which forced Intel to share rights.

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2. The Second Source Era (1980s)

• AMD, NEC, Siemens, Fujitsu, Harris, IBM – became “second-source” manufacturers of Intel x86 processors.

• AMD was the most significant: it gained rights to manufacture Intel’s 8086, 80186, and 80286 under cross-license deals.

• These licenses gave AMD deep knowledge of x86 internals and set the stage for future competition.

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3. Legal Battles and Divergence (1980s–1990s)

• 80386 Era (1985) – Intel refused to share 386 designs with AMD, claiming the license didn’t extend that far.

• AMD sued, leading to a decade-long legal battle over x86 IP.

• Result:

  • AMD won rights to design x86-compatible chips (Am386, Am486, K5, K6).

  • Intel maintained ownership of the x86 ISA definition, but courts ruled that AMD could implement compatible CPUs.

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4. Cross-Licensing and Exclusivity (1990s–2000s)

• Intel vs. AMD cross-license agreements (renewed periodically):

  • AMD had rights to use x86 ISA, but only to make its own designs.

  • Intel kept the right to manufacture but agreed not to block AMD from ISA compatibility.

  • These agreements typically renewed every 10 years.

• Cyrix, VIA, Transmeta – also built x86-compatible CPUs via clean-room reverse engineering.

  • They did not have the same legal depth as AMD, which limited their market longevity.

  • VIA eventually acquired Cyrix and Centaur, securing its own limited x86 IP rights.

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5. 64-bit Extensions and IP Leadership (2000s)

• AMD64 (2003) – AMD introduced 64-bit extensions to x86 (later called x86-64).

  • Intel initially resisted, pushing IA-64 (Itanium), but it failed commercially.

  • Intel eventually adopted AMD’s extensions (calling it Intel 64).

  • IP note: AMD originated x86-64, but Intel licensed and implemented it, creating shared control.

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6. Modern Era (2010s–2020s)

• Intel–AMD Cross-License Renewal – still active, covering use of x86 ISA.

  • AMD cannot sublicense x86 to others.

  • VIA remains the only other company with legitimate x86 rights.

• Chinese x86 Projects:

  • Zhaoxin (joint venture between VIA and Shanghai city government) has legal x86 rights via VIA’s IP.

  • Hygon (AMD + Chinese partnership) briefly licensed Zen cores for China, but restrictions tightened under U.S. trade controls.

• IP Restrictions:

  • Today, only Intel, AMD, and VIA (Zhaoxin) have full legal rights to design and sell x86 CPUs.

  • No new entrants can gain access because Intel no longer grants new ISA licenses.

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7. Summary of x86 IP Control

• Intel: Original creator, still primary owner of the ISA.

• AMD: Gained x86 IP rights through lawsuits and cross-licensing; created x86-64.

• VIA/Zhaoxin: Survived via acquisitions and licenses, primarily in niche and Chinese markets.

• Others (Cyrix, Transmeta, NEC, etc.): Defunct or absorbed.