世俗化(secularism)主要有兩個方向。第一是祛基督論的社會福音和政治神學;第二是祛教會論的個人主義和靈恩運動。這個過程不是一天發生的。早期基督教對社會事務的關切是宗教改革的一部分。如John Howard的監獄改革、Robert Raikes的主日學校、William Wilberforce的廢奴運動與聖經公會,1844年開始成立的基督教青年會(Young Men's Christian Association,簡稱YMCA),1865年成立的救世軍(The Salvation Army;脫離循道會)等。而世俗化可以說從羅馬帝國的國教化以及教皇製就開始了。清教徒將信仰變成了市民文學和政治哲學,或新教倫理與資本主義精神。另一方麵,出於對教會卷入政治的反感和抗議,更出於驕傲和貪心,一些基督徒用避世的方式將基督教異教化,這實際上是另外一種世俗化。越是靈修化,越是世俗化。從中可以看見修道誓願與靈恩運動之間的連接。晚近的世俗化則與理性主義的興起有關,在恐懼和貪欲的驅使之下,神學開始與哲學和異教苟合,於是有了聖經批判和自由派神學,以及獨一神學的泛濫成災,還有各種現代異端的誕生(耶和華見證人、摩門教、安息日會、基督教科學會等)。現代社會,基督教在歐洲的衰落和基督教世界的世俗化是兩個不容否認的事實。在這個過程中,世界的中國化進一 步讓資本和政治上升為宗教,這是世俗化運動中最為極端的事件。
3、福音的全球化
教會改革最大的貢獻是推動了福音的全球化。天主教和基督教幾乎同時從西方出發,沿著地理大發現的路線,將福音送入地極。其中1934年 威克裏夫聖經翻譯協會成立是一個重要事件。據說至2012年11月,該組織已經將聖經或聖經的一部分翻譯成全球的6877種語言。一些重要的宣教士取代教皇、主教和牧師成為教會明星,如進入印度的威廉·克理(William Carey,1761年8月17日-1834年6月9日;近代宣教士之父)、進入緬甸的艾多奈拉姆·耶德遜(Adoniram Judson,1788年8月9日-1850年4月12日)、進入中國的馬禮遜(Robert Morrison,1782年1月5日-1834年8月1日)和戴德生(James Hudson Taylor,1832年5月21日-1905年6月3日)、進入非洲的戴維·利文斯通(David Livingstone;1813年3月19日-1873年5月1日)等。後期有所謂各種形式的普世教會運動(ecumenism),如1946年美國加拿大校聯團契、1966柏林世界福音會議、洛桑世界福音宣教大會、世界福音宣教大會等。
福音全球化的敘事一直有兩大命缺陷。第一是忽視天主教方麵的傳教事工。第二是過度誇大了宣教士的貢獻以及成果,而忽視了在本地教會堅守的牧者。更為重要的是,500年宣教神學一個致命的弱點是致力於所謂搶救靈魂而忽視教會的建設。於是我們看見這樣一個悖論:福音全球化和教會世俗化同步發展,互相促進。我認為2004年公布的這個統計是可疑的:21億基督徒(世界人口63億);教堂334萬間;天主教11億;東正教2.1億;基督教7.8億。而回教徒13億、印度教徒9億、佛教徒3.6億、無教徒8.5億、中國民間宗教2.2億、猶太教,0.15億。基督徒占人口總數的33%,占據40%的地方;還有27%的未得之地。朋友們,這完全不是事實。受浸隻是成為基督徒的開始,沒有任何人可以說是終身基督徒。特別是沒有正統教會正常生活的人,還不是完整的基督徒。基督徒是一個過程中實現的身份,而這個過程隻能是在教會中完成的。但世俗化實際上摧毀了教會,也等於摧毀了全球化的成果。
中國基督徒是這個過程的受益者,也是受害者。直到今天,中國教會整體上仍然是一個傳說。不過我們今天重點放在500年世界教會簡史方麵,500年中國教會簡史是下個主日的論題。但是我們已經是這個曆史的一部分了。親愛的弟兄姐妹,在我撰寫協同書第二課講章的時候,我開始感謝2017年早春我遭遇的一切,無論是在秦國的遭際,還是在路德教會的遭際,都是福音全球化進程的一部分。這些經曆的結局大致如是:昨天類似約拿在魚腹中,如今站在幹地上,也站在高地上,看尼尼微使命,比約拿更為清澈。我們從500年前路德的經曆中可以汲取麵對任何羅馬權勢的力量;同時,我們也當從500年來的教會簡史中警惕激進主義的劫持。我們看見,在主流教派中,上帝論(三位一體和基督二性)上基本上沒有分歧;而分歧主要集中在聖禮和聖道兩個方麵。在聖禮方麵,戰爭圍繞聖餐論展開;在聖道方麵,戰爭圍繞救恩論(信義論、鬱金香、合作論、靈恩論等等)展開。兩方麵的分別歸根結底在於聖經神學:無視聖經和過度解釋。無視聖經的靈是所有異教思想的精神,就是用肉身成道取代道成肉身,用個人冥想取代外在聖道。而聖經過度解釋的靈,是希臘的理性主義。因此現在神學仍然麵臨著從異教冥想和希臘哲學歸回希伯來神學的變革。聖經是可以解釋的,也需要證道和解釋,但基督徒要小心教義和宗派的試探。摩西麵對會幕設計隻是順服,沒有過度質疑和解釋;保羅麵對救恩論不斷放棄希臘人的智慧和言辭爭辯,呼籲教會隻是仰望基督並祂的死而複活(十字架)。這是我們的道路:遠離教會政治、返回聖經,建立教會。
你還有疑惑嗎?“18耶穌進前來,對他們說,天上,地下所有的權柄,都賜給我了。19所以你們要去,使萬民作我的門徒,奉父子聖靈的名,給他們施洗。(或作給他們施洗歸於父子聖靈的名)20凡我所吩咐你們的,都教訓他們遵守,我就常與你們同在,直到世界的末了”(馬太福音28:18-20)。阿門。
任不寐,2017年3月19日
附錄:
The Execution of Michael Servetus & My Primary Deal-Breaker with Calvinism
June 15, 2015 by Dr. Benjamin L. Corey
When I’ve written about Calvinism I’ve not infrequently heard “that’s just a caricature of Calvinism,” or that I don’t understand what Calvinism actually teaches (neither of which are true). While it’s true some of my critiques may not apply to some modern American Calvinists (who in all honesty, probably shouldn’t call themselves Calvinists), when I talk about Calvinism I’m talking about the theology of John Calvin himself.
I think the irony that often occurs isn’t that I don’t understand Calvinism, but that many modern Calvinists have never actually read what John Calvin taught. Calvinist writer and pastor Tim Callies completely agrees:
“Many, and no doubt most Calvinists have never read a word of John Calvin. Instead they reluctantly call themselves Calvinists because they feel John Calvin was gifted by God to understand and interpret the Scriptures and that he restored to the church doctrine that had been lost for hundreds of years.”
Perhaps one of the chief issues in modern Calvinism is that many don’t understand what their founder taught, or how he lived. I honestly don’t understand how one could be a Calvinist without first reading Calvin himself; I certainly wouldn’t want to be a Christian without reading what Christ said, or part of any other movement following the teachings of a person without actually reading the teachings of that person.
When reading Calvin there’s no shortage of problematic stuff one will find, as Zack Hunt articulately wrote about recently. From teaching that God not only picks who will go to heaven but also picks who will go to hell (before they’re even born!) and that God is the agent who ordains every act of evil in the world, there’s plenty of things to find in Calvin (aka, actual Calvinism) to be reprehensible. I concur with Hunt when he writes that a God who creates people for the purpose of torturing them (Institutes, 3.21.5), and who ordains all evil acts (1.17.5) is certainly a monster.
However, Calvin’s theology isn’t the primary deal-breaker for me. My primary point of departure from Calvinism is looking at how Calvin lived, and being able to see that he didn’t grasp (or was just completely unwilling to obey) one of the most basic things Jesus taught: enemy love. And this brings us to the execution of Michael Servetus– my primary “do not pass go” moment with Calvin.
Michael Servetus (1511-1553) was a theological enemy of Calvin and the two had mutual disdain for the other (Servetus thought Calvin was obnoxious and in return, Calvin felt Servetus was pompous). Servetus rejected orthodox Christianity (issues such as the trinity), holding what would correctly be called heretical views. In those days heretics were executed, and at one point Servetus was arrested- but released for lack of evidence. Soon after, he was re-arrested by the Catholic church and convicted of a capital offense– thanks to John Calvin, who sent some of Servetus heretical writings to the authorities. However, Servetus escaped from prison and was free to write again.
Calvin had previously vowed that if it were at all possible, he’d have Servetus killed, but his escape from prison thwarted those hopes. It wouldn’t be long however before Calvin could fulfill the vow he made against Servetus in 1546:
“Servetus wrote to me a short time ago, and sent a huge volume of his dreamings and pompous triflings with his letter. I was to find among them wonderful things, and such as I had never before seen; and if I wished, he would himself come. But I am by no means inclined to be responsible for him; and if he come, I will never allow him, supposing my influence worth anything, to depart alive.” [1]
As much as I dislike Calvin, Servetus was either an idiot or had a death wish, because instead of fleeing to safety he showed up at church one night in Geneva to hear Calvin preach (he’s certainly guilty of antagonizing Calvin). Calvin of course, didn’t miss the opportunity and had his friend Nicholas de la Fontaine arrest Servetus on 40 capital charges of heresy. During the trial, Calvin wrote that he hoped the verdict would come back as death[2], and it did. Servetus was ultimately burned at the stake– atop a pyre of his own books and green wood to draw out his death– which reportedly took 30 minutes.
And thus, John Calvin was responsible for having his enemy killed.
Now, both sides tend to overplay their hand on the death of Servetus. Those who stand against Calvin will often call it murder, and those strongly in the Calvin camp will try to explain it away as just the “culture of the time.” (Aren’t we supposed to stand against evil in culture?) Certainly this was not murder in the sense that Calvin walked up and personally killed Servetus– but he did collaborate with the local government to have him killed on two occasions. Also, it is true that Calvin tried to get Servetus to repent of his theology and when that didn’t work, he sought to have him beheaded instead of burned alive. However, I find the Calvinist tendency to play the “he tried to have him beheaded as an act of mercy” card a bit disingenuous, as if beheading an enemy is somehow morally superior to burning one.
In addition, Calvin wasn’t simply an innocent bystander in a violent culture– he was actually one of the folks promoting it. Calvin once wrote that those who objected to killing heretics were just as guilty as the heretics themselves:
“Whoever shall maintain that wrong is done to heretics and blasphemers in punishing them makes himself an accomplice in their crime and guilty as they are…” [3]
So, not only does he argue killing theological enemies to be good, but Calvin argued that one was not even morally free to oppose it. Furthermore, Calvin argued that the blood of no one– not even a person’s own family should be spared:
“… we spare not kin, nor blood of any, and forget all humanity when the matter is to combat for His glory.” [4]
Got that? We must not spare our own families of bloodshed– in fact, we must “forget all humanity” when doing combat for God’s glory.
(And don’t even get me going on the fact that Calvin was somewhat famous for his abusive speech toward others— aka, the sin of reviling as condemned by Paul.)
Calvinism is, by definition, the teachings of John Calvin– a man whose actions show me either (a) he didn’t understand Jesus or (b) he didn’t want to obey Jesus. Why in the world would I want to build the totality of my Christian theology on a foundation erected by such a person? If Calvin didn’t understand something so basic as torturing and killing people is something a Jesus follower probably shouldn’t do, I have zero confidence that he ever understood the more complex theological issues.
And this is my primary deal breaker: before any discussion on sovereignty, evil, or predestination, I am unable to move past the fact that Calvinism is a theological system designed by someone who had no moral or theological objections to brutally killing those who disagreed with him.
…
[1] Henry, Paul. The Life and Times of John Calvin, Vol II. Whittaker & Co, London. Pg. 181
[2] Calvin to William Farel, August 20, 1553, Bonnet, Jules (1820–1892) Letters of John Calvin, Carlisle, Penn: Banner of Truth Trust, 1980, pp. 158–159. ISBN 0-85151-323-9.
[3] Marshall, John (2006). John Locke, Toleration and Early Enlightenment Culture. Cambridge Studies in Early Modern British History. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 325. ISBN 0-521-65114-X.
[4] ibid.