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Suite for lute in E, BWV 1006 - by 塵埃

(2013-06-08 16:14:06) 下一個

【巴赫音樂欣賞】Suite for lute in E (BWV 1006)
Luca Pianca: lute


Andrea Solario



JS Bach Suite for lute in E (BWV 1006)
This is a straightforward transcription, with filled-in harmonies, of Bach's third partita for solo violin, BWV 1006, the most "modern" of the three partitas in Bach's choice of dance movements -- the galant forms of Loure, Gavotte en Rondeaux, and Menuet. It's the lightest and most upbeat of Bach's often meditative lute suites, and includes two of his most familiar pieces: the Prelude and the Gavotte. The Prelude, which Bach also incorporated into his BWV 29 cantata, bursts in with a little fanfare motif that punctuates a long, unbroken run of sixteenth notes. It's in 3/4 time, but Bach provides such a sense of forward motion that one never feels the bar lines. Next comes a Loure, a slow offshoot of the Gigue in 6/4; this dance can often seem heavy, even mournful, but Bach produces a particularly graceful example of the form. The Gavotte en Rondeau, as the title indicates, brings back its main theme several times in rondo form. A sprightly tune in duple meter with straightforward phrasing, this is one of the most danceable of Bach's dance movements, which otherwise tend to veer into rhythmic abstraction. The brief main melody appears five times (not counting its initial repeat), separated by equally brief, thematically related episodes. Next comes a pair of Menuets in 3/4 time, the second sandwiched between two statements of the first. Bach closes this partita with two old-fashioned, or at least more traditional, dances. The Bourée, short and quick in duple meter, gives way to the concluding Gigue in 6/8; to provide maximum contrast with the earlier Loure, Bach here offers the Italian version of the gigue, full of fast, flowing triplets.

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魯特琴,也稱琉特琴,是一種曲頸撥弦樂器。一般這個詞主要指中世紀到巴洛克時期在歐洲使用的一類古樂器的總稱。

在廣義的樂器分類中,把類似的樂器統稱為“琉特屬”,此時就不限於年代國別,因此吉他、中國琵琶、日本琵琶等都可以包括在內。

歐洲魯特琴上可以演奏和弦、旋律、跑句、各式各樣的裝飾音,甚至對位樂曲;它是用作伴奏歌唱的獨奏樂器,也可用於重奏中,技藝嫻熟的演奏者可以奏出多姿多采的效果。隻不過較難彈奏。 據考證,歐洲魯特琴和近東的 oud 都源自同一祖先烏德琴。魯特琴 lute 和 oud 都派生自阿拉伯語的 al‘ud,意思為“木頭”。雖然最近Eckhard Neubauer的研究證明 ‘ud 可能是波斯名 rud 的阿拉伯語化,原意為弦、弦樂或者魯特琴。歐洲的魯特琴,在圖書中最早可追溯到1270年的Cantigas de Santa Maria,大致上來說,中世紀的魯特琴無論在外型、演奏技法、乃至於音樂都與他的阿拉伯祖先十分接近,僅有五組琴弦,用羽毛製成的撥子彈奏,因此,大都是以合奏的方式演奏舞曲或作歌曲的伴奏。

直到15世紀末,歐洲的魯特琴才有它特有的發展,主要是由於技法的改變,人們開始使用手指彈奏,因此多聲部作品得以在魯特琴上演奏,新增了第六弦組,外型顯得修長而優雅,之前魯特琴常常用昂貴的材料製作,尺寸不一,做工精致。

魯特琴幾乎全部由木頭製成,音箱形狀類似對半切開的梨,和古典吉他一樣,正麵有麵板和音孔,但音孔通常都有精美的鏤空雕花圖案,成為“rose”(意為玫瑰)。背麵不是扁平,而是突出的圓弧狀,並有木片高低鑲嵌的肋骨狀結構。音箱中空,內部沒有支柱。

琴頸使用輕質木材製成,琴格的指板使用硬度較高的厚板,弦鈕箱向後彎成直角。文藝複興時期的琴頸是平直的,之後弧度逐漸增大,最終成為現在的曲頸形狀。

琴弦一般采用羊腸線,在17世紀初還曾經使用鉛等金屬來製造低音部分的弦,17世紀中期開始使用羊腸線的芯,並在外麵卷上細密的金屬鋼絲。現代也有用尼龍等合成纖維材料。 一般的魯特琴具有一根單弦和五組複弦,編號從最細的一個開始,第一組是單弦,稱為旋律弦(chantrelle,法語意思為歌手),之後是五組複弦。不過巴洛克魯特琴第二組也有單弦的。複弦一般八度重音。一般的調弦和吉他一樣,以4度為基礎。

6組弦的文藝複興魯特琴的常用調弦,從第一組開始為4度、4度、3度、4度、4度。注意3度的位置和吉他不一樣。

到具體的音高,一般第一組定為g音,之後為 g-(d/d)-(A/A)-(F/F)-(C/C)-(G/G')。不過絕對音高在當時並不存在,魯特琴可因琴的尺寸,羊腸弦的供給情況,與合奏的場合等而改變其音高。目前最常見的調律,以G-tuning為主,但標準音A可以是440Hz,或早期音樂常用的A = 415Hz。

巴洛克調弦是在追求魯特琴演奏技法的過程中,將上述文藝複興調弦法增加演奏難度,多使用2度音程的不協和音的“變則調弦”的一種。現在的巴洛克調弦法主要指d小調調弦法,這種方法從曆史上的17世紀開始盛行,已經成為一種事實標準。早期的變則調弦法有“山羊調”(ton de la Chèvre)、“水銀調”(ton du Mercure)等。

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Andrea Solari (also Solario) (1460–1524) was an Italian Renaissance painter of the Milanese school. He was initially named Andre del Gobbo, but more confusingly as Andrea del Bartolo a name shared with two other Italian painters, the 14th Century Siennese Andrea di Bartolo, and the 15th Century Florentine Andrea di Bartolo.
His paintings can be seen in Venice, Milan, The Louvre and the Chateau de Gaillon (Normandie, France). One of his better known paintings is the Virgin of the Green Cushion (c. 1507) in the Louvre.

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