【究竟誰是精英-精英的迷思】
原創作者 骰子
大數據時代給了多數人成為精英的機會,同時也終結了一些傳統精英的生涯。
1)誰是精英
下列人物可以被看做精英(傳統意義上的精英暫時不在討論之列)
掌握一定權利,但不是最終的決策者
不同層級統治集團的關鍵成員
能直接(存在於權利核心)或間接(智囊成員和學者)影響決策者
有影響的企業家、商賈、財富貴族
媒體、網絡、專業領域撰稿人
有一定社會影響力,但獨立於以上描述的個體
上述人物的影響力按排序遞減。他們也可以被稱作【權利精英】
(影視、文學、藝術類的從業人員可以稱作精英嗎?如果他們的作品引起了強大的社會反響,甚至引發了社會變革,他們可以被稱作【社會精英】)
2)精英的分類
根據現代社會的實際操作和現狀,我把他們分為理念型和數據型。一種擅長理念的解讀和規範,另一種專注數據的分析和使用。但兩者往往相輔相成。
3)精英的時效
精英的時效在西方民主國家取決於決策者的立場改變和社會需求的轉向。如果堅持固有立場,不做調整改變,必然被棄用。但也有堅持立場,不趨炎附勢的人物。問題是能否承受相應的成本和代價。
4)精英的式微
網絡和媒體的滲透,使傳統意義上的精英越來越難以生存。信息傳播速度的加快和無遠弗屆,讓一些使用傳統方法積累素材的人很快被超越和拋棄。如今的社會喜歡吃快餐,沒人有耐心等。精雕細琢很難獲取關注,而堅持立場有時會被看做迂腐。
5)誰是潛在的精英
一類是有創意、有能量,不落窠臼。另一種是達觀、睿智、深謀遠慮。這兩種人的特點是都具有獨立人格和意識,他們的問題是伯樂和時機。
6)誰有能力挑戰精英
這個問題在當今社會已經不是問題。隻要精英們開放言論自由的管道,無論是草根還是持不同理念者,想挑戰精英的一定大有人在。問題的關鍵是管道是否通暢和來去自由,這取決於統治者的意誌以及精英們是否敢於或有意願和你交流。
7)精英的退場機製-暨精英治國的利與弊
民主國家是以精英輪換的方式治國,部分精英隨政權更換同進退,有利有弊。
但它的缺點也顯而易見,那就是政策的連續性和一致性受到製約。從而影響了發展和改變的效率及動力。
專製體製可以避免上述現象,但它的弊端有時卻是災難性的。如果決策錯誤,在相當長的一段時間內無法更正,導致的破壞往往無法彌補。而且,中國的精英幾乎是終生製,這是一個需要解決的大問題。
8)如何避免被精英誤導
一方麵由於我們的淺薄和過分依賴權威,另一方麵也是因為我們懶惰和不求上進,這就給精英提供了操控我們的機會和條件。如果我們沒有那麽睿智,避免被誤導的方法就是不做他的粉絲,也就是說,不要隻聽一家之言。
9)讓精英知道我們不會討好你
精英們最擔心的不是你反對他們的立場,而是懷疑他們的立場,尤其是懷疑他們的動機。因為他們要竭盡全力讓你相信他們是在替你發聲,他們是在保護你的利益。這不光反映在他們對大眾的立場,也反映在他們提供意見給決策者時的考量。
10)如何培養精英
歐美的教育強調培養獨立人格和精神,但能不能成為精英並不完全取決於教育。精英意識的啟蒙有時來自家庭和社會,而正統教育卻有可能扼殺精英意識。在中國,教育往往強調繼承,很少鼓勵創造。這種環境和體製下產生的所謂精英,不過是統治者或者傳統意誌的代言人。精英應該被挑戰,不挑戰精英,哪兒來精英的代換。精英就是要不斷地被淘汰,否則,會變成一潭死水。
11)精英和粉絲的關係
這種結合是瘋狂的,但基礎卻是脆弱的。討好粉絲的精英隻考慮個人利益,追捧精英的粉絲也常常迷失方向。而有粉絲情結的精英,應該自動退出該群體。這種所謂的精英,應該呆在娛樂界。
12)精英的墮落和無奈
在專製體製下,精英隻有兩種選擇,要麽墮落,要麽逃避。所謂墮落,是不再發出自己的聲音,成為禦用。所謂逃避,是遠離是非中心,做些不痛不癢的研究。如果想沉潛等待時機,那就要看你的耐力和運氣了。
13)精英心態(隻討論中國)
每個獨立的個體幾乎都有精英情結,這種心態和人們追求成功的意願不謀而合。於是,獲取精英資格便成了一些人的奮鬥目標。如果我們放眼中國的精英市場,除了學術領域,競技舞台需要紮紮實實的硬件指標,其餘的怎麽判定卻是個棘手的難題。企業家、商賈的指標是財富,但知識分子卻從未把他們當精英看待。精英心態實際上是一種病態,如果以軟件論英雄,指標的設定難以統一,文人相輕就體現了精英稱謂的脆弱。持不同觀點,有時變成了否定你精英地位的手段。精英即互相排斥,也互相依存。論點的不同,有時會形成鼎足之勢,這就給了各路人馬發揮的機會,誰上誰下有時就會變成一道靚麗的風景。
還有,知識界有一種約定俗成的觀念,學術地位決定你的精英等級,但這種等級在大數據時代卻顯得相當脆弱。除了自然科學和競技體育要靠硬指標說話,其它行業的一些做法卻常常讓人無法認同。大佬和精英們照樣製造垃圾,而具有超前意識和出色才華的新手卻常常被封殺。這種現象在文學藝術類領域中司空見慣。於是就有了學霸、文霸的稱呼。
最後的結論:我們不必迷信精英,也不必看精英的臉子。即使我的小夥伴已經成為行業的掌門,我也從未把他們看做精英。今天不像古代,大數據時代使得競爭公開而明晰,人人都有可能躋身精英行列。但如果你真想成為精英,也要先看看自己的家底,再評估一下自己的腦袋。如果這兩個條件都具備,或許可以放膽一搏。不過你也要有一個良好的心態,不要總是認為你比別人差一點,有時候差一點等於差很多。中國人最愛說的是他有什麽了不起的,不就比我怎樣怎樣。但奧林匹克隻有冠軍,沒有第二!
~~~ Ref: 2
‘Search until you find a passion and go all out to excel in its expression’
For E.O. Wilson, wonders never cease
Experience is a series of interviews with Harvard faculty covering the reasons they became teachers and scholars, and the personal journeys, missteps included, behind their professional success. First up is E.O. Wilson, one of the most accomplished biologists of the past century. Interviews with Melissa Franklin, Martha Minow, Stephen Greenblatt, Sara Lawrence-Lightfoot, Steven Pinker, Laurel Ulrich, Helen Vendler, and Walter Willett will appear in coming weeks.
Edward O. Wilson, the Pellegrino University Professor Emeritus, was born in Alabama in June 1929. A boyhood immersed in nature and the world of insects provided an education he would build on through high school and at the University of Alabama, and then during graduate studies at Harvard, where he’s been since receiving his Ph.D. in 1955.
Wilson is probably best known for his groundbreaking insights on ants, but his research has extended deep into other realms of science, sometimes with provocative results. His theory of island biogeography, written with Robert MacArthur, examined how species rise and fall on isolated islands, both those surrounded by water and, more importantly for conservation today, habitat islands surrounded by different landscapes. His book on the biological roots of behavior, “Sociobiology,” touched off an academic row in the mid-1970s.
Wilson’s honors include two Pulitzer Prizes — for “On Human Nature” and, with Burt Hölldobler, “The Ants” — the National Medal of Science, in 1976, and the 1990 Crafoord Prize from the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. He retired from full-time scholarship and teaching in 1996, but has carried on with research and writing.
Q: What guided you into the field of ant biology, and were there other options at the time?
A: There weren’t many options growing up in Alabama and I wasn’t even thinking that I would eventually have to choose a career. But I had chosen one just the same. I had become so passionate about nature and insects that I decided by my teens that I would become an entomologist. I thought probably what I’d do is join the Department of Agriculture and become an extension entomologist and advise farmers. Basically, I was willing to do anything to allow me to devote myself to entomology. I also got a lot from the Boy Scouts. That’s where I got my main education in an otherwise poor public school system.
When I arrived at the University of Alabama, I had just passed my 17th birthday. I found that the doors were open and the faculty there was very welcoming and supportive. They didn’t get many people, back there in the ’40s, who were interested in becoming an academic. Most of the biology concentrators were pre-med. I graduated shortly after my 20th birthday, then went on to get a master’s degree, and then to the University of Tennessee — that was getting pretty far north for me — to join their doctoral program. I had a wonderful professor of botany named Jack Sharp. He was known nationally for his research on plants. In late 1950 or early 1951, he wrote from Knoxville to his friend Frank Carpenter, who was chairman of the Biology Department and professor of entomology, and said, “This kid does not belong here, he belongs at Harvard.” He did me a tremendous service with that letter.
I’d already visited Harvard in the summer of 1950, mainly to see the ant collection and visit a graduate student working on ants with whom I’d corresponded. I had made some added connection there and met one of the professors in the Biology Department. The result was that Harvard wrote me, saying that if I cared to apply, it’s very likely I would get a teaching fellowship and be admitted. And I did just that.
In the spring of ’53 I was overjoyed to receive a junior fellowship [of the Society of Fellows], and the ability to go anywhere in the world I wanted, with all expenses paid, to do anything I wished. The only oath asked of the new junior fellows at the dinner at Eliot House was that they do something extraordinary. What an incredible charge to give an ambitious young man or woman: “We don’t care what you do, what field you go into as long as you accomplish something — as a junior fellow — extraordinary.” I decided I would do that.
Q: What was it about entomology that attracted you? Was it the ability to explore the outdoors or something about the insects themselves that drew you?
A: I have only one functional eye, my left eye, but it’s very sharp. And I somehow focused on little things. I noticed butterflies and ants more than other kids did, and took an interest in them automatically. Even at the age of 9 in school in Washington, D.C., I was reading about insectsthrough all the National Geographics. And there was one article in 1934 entitled, “Stalking Ants: Savage and Civilized.” It happened to be by the man [William M. Mann] who later became the director of the National Zoo, and he got his Ph.D. here at Harvard. Itjust knocked me flat when I read about that.
Even though most of the species he depicted were found only in other countries, especially in the tropics, I was soon out watching ants, trying to find the ants he mentioned in the book and going to the national museum. I wasalso developing a passion for butterflies. I had a net, which my stepmother made for me from a coat hanger, cheesecloth, and a broom handle. So I was off and running by the age of 10. I was trying to read books on entomology. They were over my head, of course, but I had the ambition to learn what I could when I could. And all through my teen years, as I was advancing up to Eagle Scout in Alabama, I was focusing on natural history, including ants and butterflies and snakes.
Q: Did you ever give your selection of ants a second thought? Did you ever, in a discouraging time, ask, “Why didn’t I do something easy?”
A: Ants are easy. I had been collecting them all over the state of Alabama and elsewhere and identifying [them]. I had already, in high school, made friends with the very small number of ant experts in the United States, exchanging specimens and getting advice and so on. It seemed terribly easy to me from the beginning.
What I wanted to do when I got to Harvard was get a much broader background. This was helped substantially by contacts in the Biology Department and also the Society of Fellows. I had the pleasure of having conversations with other junior fellows, who included people like Marvin Minsky and Noam Chomsky, and got to meet people like T.S. Eliot and Robert Oppenheimer. It was just amazing. You could talk with these exceptional people and grow in breadth and confidence. But the dream that kept returning was to go to the tropics and study the ants of the rainforest. I left almost as soon as I became a junior fellow.
In 1953, I was off to Cuba and Mexico, a paradise for me of tropical forests inhabited by hundreds of kinds of ants. And then I came back and finished my Ph.D. I soon informed the chairman of the fellows, the historian Crane Brinton, that I was on my way to New Guinea, to all the other archipelagos of Melanesia, and I would try to cost the Society of Fellows as little as possible. And off I went. It was there that I collected ants and studied rainforests and thought about ecology and took long, sometimes solitary trips through the forests. I began to develop ideas about how ants had gotten into these distant places and how they’d evolved.
In later years I realized that what I was doing is what Germans call wanderjahr, theyear of wandering. It is a German expression for young men who were expected to leave the village. They’d mature and go off to another village to learn a trade. And this is what people like Darwin, Philip Darlington, here the curator of entomology, and Ernst Mayr had done. As young men, they were in the tropics soaking up all the raw information and experience of what the natural world is really like, and forming ideas about it. I came back in 1955, married, and was bursting with ideas about what I could do in science, using ants as my principal group.
Q: And did that trip lead specifically to any of your noted theories? Did the theory of island biogeography come from there?
A: That came straight from there. When I met Robert MacArthur in the late ’50s, we were both young professors, deeply worried about the status of our field, which was ecology and evolution. It was a golden age of biology, but of molecular and cell biology. It looked as though ecology, systematics, and biogeography would just be relegated to third-line status as far as universities like Harvard were concerned.
MacArthur and I hit it off very quickly. He had mathematical modeling ability and I was already publishing substantial papers on Asian and Pacific ants. We put our heads together and … developed the theory of island biogeography. It was immediately successful, because it hooked up ecology to conservation biology.
The world consists of islands, the reserves and the parks and the remnant patches of forest on the mountainside are islands. We saw the [theory as a] way to deal with the fate of species that were essentially confined to what we call habitat islands.
‘I haven’t changed since I was a 17-year-old entering the University of Alabama. I’m still basically a boy who’s excited by what’s going on.’
Q: As forests have become more fragmented and habitats have become smaller, has the theory become more relevant?
A: Oh, vastly more relevant. It’s one of the foundation pieces of conservation biology: how to understand why there are a certain number of species in a forest, maybe a forest on an island or maybe a fragment of forest on the continental coast. How to analyze it, find out what’s happening, to look into particulars like how often species reach the island, how fast they’re likely to be going extinct, how fast they might be evolving to create new species. All those factors are seen as basic in evaluating the status and the value of a particular reserve.
Q: Clearly you’ve made several seminal contributions to science — is there one that you feel proudest about or view as your crowning achievement?
A: By 50 years from now they’ll say, “Look, here’s the Museum of Comparative Zoology, where that fellow … what was his name?” [Laughs] I’ve had several “aha!” moments. Certainly one was the theory of island biogeography that came together in conversations with MacArthur.
The second one hadn’t been noted very much but it was one of the reasons I got the National Medal of Science at a very young age, in 1976. That’s the development of pheromone biology and studies of social insects, and also the very first theory of pheromone molecular evolution and dynamics. I published the theoryin 1962. That was done with another colleague right here at Harvard, Bill Bossert. Bossert and I produced the first basic conception on what would be the optimal nature and size of pheromone molecules and how one could predict the rate and extent that they spread and how all this could be adaptive for the species. Oddly, pheromone research hasn’t advanced very much. I have a feeling the reason for that — the theory I worked out with Bossert was not given much attention — is that about the only place people produce pheromones is in their armpit and that is not very interesting. [Laughs]
Third happy — aha! — moment. The one time I couldn’t sleep at night was after making the first fire ant pheromone discovery. I did it here in the lab with fire ants. I decided to use a trail pheromone. When I hit the tiny gland that produces it in the rear part of the ant, I got a completely surprising response. The ants followed it, but it activated them in a variety of other ways. It excited them. It caused them to start communicating with other ants that followed. The fire ant trail substance was the first glandular pheromone source discovered in insects, or at least in social insects. Subsequent research showed that it was a blend of pheromones. So what I was looking at was a variety of messages sent simultaneously among the ants.
One aha! moment, sort of a lowercase aha!, was the discovery and description of the first ant of Mesozoic age, in other words, ancestral to modern ants. I knew that ants must have originated in the age of reptiles, back in the Mesozoic, but the earliest specimens we had were from the age of mammals, back 60 million years. So all of us were waiting for the discovery of a Mesozoic ant, when two of them were found in one piece of amber. I’d like to tell you it was found on an upper branch of the Amazon River, but it wasn’t; it was on the New Jersey shore [laughs] — in a 90-million-year-old deposit of amber and woody materials. Out of that came a perfect specimen in a perfect piece of amber, clear as glass with two ants in it. That was a thrilling moment to put it under a microscope and say, “OK, guys, we’ve alreadymade it to 60 million and now we’re going to go all the way back to 90 million.” And the darn things fitted exactly how we predicted if ants evolved from wasps.
Q: When was that?
A: That was the late ’60s.
And finally, a drawn-out aha!, the one that really caused quite an uproar here at Harvard, was when I was building the field of sociobiology, first with the book called “The Insect Societies,” in 1971, and then “Sociobiology: The New Synthesis.”
Sociobiology was far more than what many of its critics wanted to call it: just the belief that human beings have genetic-based instincts. Sociobiology is the systematic study of the biological basis of social behavior in all kinds of animals, and that’s how I developed it in those two books. It was very simple. I did say that maybe the same principles that we’re learning from comparative studies of social behavior and the evolution of social behavior in animals might apply to human beings. But if it applied to human beings, the only way it can be applied meaningfully is that human beings have instincts. We have drives that are inborn, that people inherit, and there may be variation among people. I stepped into a minefield by finishing this big book, “Sociobiology,” with a chapter saying how it could be applied to people. I tried to be cautious. I should have been more politically careful, by saying this does not imply racism, it does not imply sexism, I’m not trying to defend capitalism, so don’t drop the world on top of me. If I’d added that in the book, then I might have gotten off a little easier.
In the ’60s and ’70s it became almost dogma — it was a dogma — to believe that the human brain was a tabula rasa, a blank slate. I don’t think scholars in this generation, even those of middle age, can appreciate how stern was the prohibition against believing that human behavior was influenced by genes in any manner whatsoever. The only acceptable view was that the brain was a blank slate and what humanity does and humanity feels and what societies end up becoming is strictly a matter of choice and is determined by our history, particularlyby the culture we’re born with. We can design a much more perfect society if we use our reason and train the brain accordingly. That was the belief in the social sciences. It was also the belief of the — how shall I put it — the far left among some scientists, including two of my more notable colleagues here at Harvard, Richard Lewontin and Stephen J. Gould. They were really incensed that a colleague of theirs would deviate so far from what was the needed ideology, the political ideology, to make social progress. And they were marvelously sophisticated Marxists, with well-reasoned ideas of how to blend socialism and biology.
Harvard faculty and the students — partly as a result of the convulsions of the ’60s — were far left and very few would openly defy them. Being from Alabama, I was expected, I think, to be a conservative. And I can tell you now, thinking back, I was really neither. I was at neither end of the spectrum. I was an innocent sociobiologist.
I thought that this was a great idea. I saw all sorts of possibilities for building a sociobiology that could then be picked up by social scientists. And I really was so naive as to think my colleagues in the social sciences would be grateful to me [laughs] for having provided them with a whole different armamentarium for their theories onthe origins of human behavior. What I got was mostly buckshot [laughs]. That has changed now, but that was the aha! moment.
Q: Were you surprised at the response? Did you have no idea it would be controversial?
A: I had no idea. I really wish I could say I knew it was coming, but it really blindsided me. And it took me a while to figure out how to respond.
Q: Did you have an emotional reaction? Did you feel hurt or was it more intellectual?
A: It was more intellectual. The first time I saw one of these counterattacks appear in The New York Review of Books, Isaw I was going to win this one. With the reasoning and evidence, I felt confident. It was science versus political ideology.
But I really was upset at being called a racist, promoting racism and sexism. I was accused of trying to reintroduce a retrograde, outmoded, dangerous philosophy. There was nothing in “Sociobiology” to suggest such a thing. The words had to be taken out of context and tweaked.
On one occasion, I had a little mob in Harvard Square parading and protesting and holding placards demanding that Harvard dismiss me. On another occasion, when I was to give a lecture at the Science Center, a crowd of protesters gathered at the entrance with signs and shouts and chants and so on. I was ushered in through the rear by University police. My class was disrupted at least once. Not seriously, but yeah, that’s annoying. Looking back at that now, it was a very strange period.
This created a sensation, but at least students were exposed to newideas. I say to myself to this day, “Is this not what a university is for?” This is what a university is supposed to be doing.
Q: How about mistakes along the way? Are there things that you regret or things you might have done differently?
A: That was one of them. When I was writing “Sociobiology,” if I had to do it over again, I would have written a solid piece in that infamous final chapter and said that it really tells us nothing about the best political system or correct ideology. This is just knowledge, through which we can acquire a view of the human condition. We can acquire what we did not have before and this has to be useful.
Q: What is the strongest argument today that your thoughts on sociobiology were right? I hear a lot of things related to the obesity epidemic, people trying to explain why we behave the way we do.
A: That book came out in ’75, and in the early ’80s, the field of evolutionary psychology spun off. My colleagues working in the social sciences and psychology who created evolutionary psychology avoided the word “sociobiology” — some of them told me this. They wanted to use another word that wouldn’t be tarnished from the beginning. To this day “sociobiology” is only sparingly used as an expression because people are still a little afraid of it. In 1978, in the midst of all the tumult — people smile when I say “tumult” in talking about academics hitting one another with beanbags; it really wasn’t quite the same as a civil war — I said to myself, “I have to write a book that will do what I should have done in ‘Sociobiology.’” That is, explain how I view human behavior and what the applications of sociobiology could be and what the possibilities of it are.
I think that it’s fair to say the work I produced was the founding book of evolutionary psychology, although it wasn’t until the next decade that the term evolutionary psychology began to be used. But the book, “On Human Nature,” in 1978 won a Pulitzer Prize and, as we say in a Southeastern Conference football game when our team scores on the opponent’s field, “That has a way of quieting the crowd.”
Q: What do you think of an entomologist winning two Pulitzer Prizes? Is that something you could have envisioned when you were a young boy?
A: I think it’s bizarre [laughs]. It was luck.
The second Pulitzer was a big, comprehensive book Bert Hölldobler and I put together. Bert and I worked together for a dozen years in the laboratory section of the MCZ [Museum of Comparative Zoology] and our collaboration was very fruitful. We had different talents and different approaches. Bert brought in rigorous methods of investigation by stepwise experimentation. I brought into the mix the scientific natural history. I knew the ants; I knew what was interesting to look at. We published a lot. And then Bert couldn’t get enough of the support he needed and the University of Würzburg offered him a million dollar prize to create anything he wanted to create. And so off Bert went. But before he left, we said, “Look, between the two of us, we know everything there is to know about ants.” Nobody could say that today because the field, myrmecology, has grown exponentially, but you could say it then. And we said, “Let’s write a book that has everything known about ants.” And to my astonishment, it was given the Pulitzer. It was also the only book of science-meant-for-scientists to win the prize. We didn’t write this for the literary world — we wrote it for scientists. But we did our best job of writing and illustrating and so on.
Q: What is your philosophy of writing? Do you have writing habits? Do you write every day?
A: Every day.
Q: Do you love it or is it a chore sometimes?
A: I love it. You know, like a shark, unless you swim you sink? I have that feeling. I remember one of the great pianists once said about practicing, “I miss a week of practice and the audience notices. I miss a day, and I notice.” It’s just what I love to do. I love the research, I love the study, I love the quiet thought, and I like writing. I just write or conduct research every day. Always there’s something new to write about.
Q: Do you do it here or do you have a study at home?
A: Mostly, I do it at home now. And I write longhand on yellow, lined legal paper and Kathy Horton is the reason I can do that. She’s been working with me 47 years and she knows everything, knows everybody.
Q: Safe to say she’s deciphered your handwriting by now?
A: She has. There have actually been occasions where I couldn’t decipher what I’d written, at leasta word or two, but she could translate it. She’s like having a cuneiform expert help you out with Assyrian tablets. She is really very good at what she does and it has allowed me to move smoothly over a long period of time.
Q: What is most exciting about your field right now?
A: I haven’t changed since I was a 17-year-old entering the University of Alabama. I’m still basically a boy who’s excited by what’s going on.
We are on a little-known planet. We have knowledge of two million species, but for the vast majority we know only the name and a little bit of the anatomy. We don’t know anything at all about their biology. There is conservatively at least eight million species in all, and it’s probably much more than that because of the bacteria and archaea and microorganisms we’re just beginning to explore. The number of species remaining to be discovered could easily go into the tens of millions.
We will in time see a surging interest in and support of the area of biodiversity studies. I believe Harvard should be the world’s leading university in this field and in those branches of ecology and conservation biology that have biodiversity studies as a foundation. Harvard should be in a position to lead, because Harvard has the largest private collection of plants, animals, and fungi — three of the major groups — in the world. It has one of the finest libraries in the world. It has a great tradition, going back to Agassiz, of major studies and acquisitions of major collections. It’s obvious that this is the place to build the discipline … so that Harvard could be one of the universities, one of the rare universities, in the front rank of both of the two big divisions of biology, structure and history.
Q: How do you feel about the future of biodiversity on the planet? Are you optimistic or pessimistic?
A: I use an expression John Kennedy used at least once about the future generally: cautiously optimistic. I’m now advising on reconstruction of a national park in Mozambique, the Gorongosa National Park. I’m working with a group on the Gulf Coast to create a new park at Mobile and the Delta, which will be the biologically richest in America. This is how I’d like to see progress achieved, step by step. It’s what I’m going to be involved in, as much as I’m able, in the years I have left. We have an opportunity. We still can put aside a large portion of the world in reserves of biodiversity. But that potential is shrinking steadily and we really need to do something now. This is where Harvard can play a major role. If it becomes policy in a sufficient number of nations, then there are plenty of reasons for optimism. But if we keep going the way we are now, we’re going to lose a large part of biodiversity by the end of the century.
Q: What lessons can a young student starting out today, looking at your career and thinking, “I want to make an impact like that” — what lessons can he or she extract from your life?
A: It almost sounds trite, you hear it so often, but you don’t see enough of it in college-age students, and that is to acquire a passion. You probably already have one, but if you haven’t got one, search until you find a passion and go all out to excel in its expression. With reference to biology and science, do the opposite of the military dictum and march away from the sound of guns. Don’t get too enamored by what’s happening right at this moment and science heroes doing great things currently. Learn from them, but think further down the line: Move to an area where you can be a pioneer. That kind of opportunity is everywhere in science and especially in biology, including biodiversity studies and ecology.
Q: Did you ever think of leaving Harvard? You’ve been here many years and had lots of victories. What kept you here all the time?
A: I like being at the world’s greatest university with the world’s best insect and ant collections. Believe it or not, however, during the height of the anti-sociobiology furor, I started looking around at other universities where I could work in peace.
I have to confess, here for the first time, I had a fantasy of going to Texas A&M, where I could sit peacefully in my lab working, with good graduate students, while watching cadets marching by outside [laughs].
But I never really came close to leaving Harvard. It’s just too great a place.
Interview was edited for length and clarity.