Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), or non-invasive breast cancer, is typically treated with either breast-conserving surgery—with or without follow-up radiation—or mastectomy. The treatment choice depends on clinical factors, the treating surgeon, and patient preferences. Long-term health outcomes (disease-free survival) depend on the treatments received. According to a study published January 3 in The Journal of the National Cancer Institute , however, health outcomes also are associated with the treating surgeon.
To determine the comparative effectiveness of treatment strategies, Andrew W. Dick, Ph.D., of the RAND Corporation and colleagues conducted a retrospective study of women diagnosed with DCIS between 1985 and 2000 with as many as 18 years of follow-up. They identified the women through two large tumor registries, the Monroe County (New York) tumor registry, and the tumor registry at the Henry Ford Health System in Detroit.
The researchers collected extensive data on the patients, including the rate of ipsilateral recurrence, or recurrent breast cancer in the same breast; whether the women had been treated with mastectomy or breast conserving surgery—with or without radiation therapy; and their margin status (margin of tissue surrounding their resected tumors). They defined margins as positive (in which cancer cells extend to the edge of the resected tissue), negative (cancer cells are more than 2 millimeters away from the edge of the tissue), or close (in which cancer cells are present within two millimeters of the edge).
According to the researchers, the two most important determinants of recurrent breast cancer are the tumor margins and whether or not the women have received radiation therapy following breast-conserving surgery.
"BCS in the absence of radiation therapy resulted in substantially lower ipsilateral event-free survival than either BCS followed by radiation therapy or mastectomy," the authors write, adding, "Regardless of treatments, positive or close margins following the last surgical treatment substantially compromised ipsilateral event-free survival." Both of these important determinants of outcomes, however, varied markedly by the treating surgeon.
The authors write that the wide variability in treatment by surgeons may reflect differences in surgeons' knowledge, attitudes and beliefs, especially given the lack of consensus on what constitutes a negative margin.
"Lack of knowledge about the importance of margins, and differences in beliefs about the role of radiation therapy in local control, together with differences in physician-patient communication during the decision-making process could explain the substantial variation in the acceptance of positive margins and the determination not to proceed to mastectomy," the authors write.
Nevertheless, they estimate that with modest reductions in variation by surgeon, based only on changes among those surgeons with low rates of radiation therapy and high rates of positive or close margins, ipsilateral 5- and 10-year event rates could be reduced by 15% to 30%.
In an accompanying editorial, Beth A. Virnig, Ph.D., and Todd M. Tuttle, M.D., of the University of Minnesota, write that the study poses a perplexing question. "How should women select a provider knowing that up to 35% of the variation in outcomes is based on their choice of physician but that there are no actionable characteristics that can be taken into account?"
They suggest one solution could be publishing the scores for all physicians performing breast cancer surgery in a particular area. In any case, the variability in surgeons' treatment choice provides a potential opportunity to improve or standardize DCIS care.
They write, "The challenge is then for the professional community to identify factors that are associated with the currently unexplained physician variability and to use that information to promote identification of high-quality providers or quality improvement activities."
Provided by Journal of the National Cancer Institute
JNCI:乳腺癌治療效果因醫生水平不同而有明顯差異
美國《新聞周刊》報道,根據美國進行的一項新研究,乳腺癌的治療效果會因外科醫生的技術水平不同而存在明顯差異。根據研究人員的估計,如果所有外科醫生在實現陰性切緣和實施放療方麵的技術能夠達到中等水平,患者5年內的癌症複發幾率將降低22%。更令人感到吃驚的是,外科醫生的重要性甚至有可能超過治療本身。
想說找對醫生很難
對於任何接受乳腺癌手術的女性來說,她們在恢複室裏最希望聽到的話就是“我們已經完全切除腫瘤”。換句話說,就是陰性切緣。所謂的陰性切緣是指被切除的組織邊緣幾毫米範圍內沒有任何癌細胞,能夠降低乳腺癌複發的可能性,進而提高患者的存活幾率。此外,在乳房腫瘤切除術或者其他保留乳房手術之後接受放療同樣能夠提高無癌生存率。
然而,乳腺癌患者要想找到一位技術高超的外科醫生為自己實施手術並非易事。正如《新聞周刊》在2009年的一篇報道中所指出的那樣,乳腺癌患者在尋求理想治療效果過程中麵臨的難度多年來就是一大醜聞。一項新研究發現,對於乳腺導管內癌患者來說,難於獲得理想治療效果構成的威脅超過任何人的想象,其中一大障礙就是專業醫療機構和醫保部門拒絕公布相關信息。此外,外科醫生的職業操守良莠不齊,有些人根本不考慮患者的經濟承受能力,甚至存在道德問題。
陰性切緣+放療=低複發風險
非侵襲性乳腺癌通常采用保留乳房手術或者乳房切除術治療,患者在接受保留乳房手術之後可能接受放療,也可能不接受這種治療。根據《國家癌症研究所雜誌》(JNCI)1月3日刊登的一篇論文,治療效果同樣取決於具體由哪位外科醫生為患者實施手術。
根據美國蘭德公司的安德魯·迪克負責的一項分析,防止乳腺導管內癌患者在治療後複發的兩個最重要因素是陰性腫瘤切緣以及在乳房保留手術之後接受放療。這兩大因素究竟有多重要?據研究人員對994名乳腺導管內癌患者的醫療記錄進行的分析,在乳房保留手術之後接受放療的女性癌症複發幾率大約在5%左右,而沒有接受放療的女性則高達14%。實現陰性切緣同時接受放療的女性複發幾率在3%左右,陽性切緣同時接受放療的女性複發幾率為15%左右,實現陰性切緣但未接受放療的女性複發幾率在13%左右,陽性切緣同時未接受放療的女性複發幾率則高達25%。
顯而易見,手術後未接受放療將提高乳腺癌複發風險,陽性切緣同樣會產生這種不利影響。更令人感到吃驚的是,這兩大決定治療效果的因素也會因不同的外科醫生而存在明顯差異。差異到底有多大?根據研究人員的估計,如果所有外科醫生在實現陰性切緣和實施放療方麵的技術能夠達到中等水平,患者5年內的癌症複發幾率將降低22%。
醫生或比治療更重要
研究人員在論文中指出:“治療效果因外科醫生技術不同而存在明顯差異。外科醫生的技術差異及其對長期治療效果的影響是一個令人困擾的問題,這種無法解釋的差異能夠對治療效果產生重要影響。”
對於患者而言,她們很難了解自己的醫生如何實施治療。在與論文一同發表的一篇社論中,明尼蘇達州大學流行病學家貝絲·沃尼格和外科醫生托德·塔特爾提出這樣的疑問——如果得知外科醫生可導致治療效果的差異率高達35%,女性又該如何選擇外科醫生呢?這種選擇絕非易事。沃尼格表示,患者無法獲取相關信息,更令人感到吃驚的是,外科醫生的重要性甚至有可能超過治療本身。她說:“如果一名醫生為患者實施乳房保留手術,另一名醫生為患者實施乳房切除術,前者為患者帶來的治療效果可能優於後者,雖然在通常情況下接受乳房切除術的患者無癌生存率更高。”
信息公開仍需等待
沃尼格指出,一種幫助患者選擇理想外科醫生的方式就是將所有外科醫生實施乳腺癌手術的數量對外公布。但對於任何人來說,整理出這些信息都是一項艱巨任務。美國醫保部門拒絕公開任何與醫生治療特定疾病的病例數量以及所實施手術數量有關的信息。非盈利性機構Consumers’Checkbook曾試圖讓醫保部門公布這些信息,但在2009年的法庭交鋒中,這一要求最終遭到回絕。2010年,《新聞周刊》也曾試圖說服美國臨床腫瘤學協會為患者建立一個數據庫,提供協會成員過去幾年治療特定癌症的病例數量,是否通過專業認證,擁有多長時間臨床實踐經驗等信息。《新聞周刊》用了幾個月時間與臨床腫瘤學協會磋商,最後還是被拒之門外。
在這個問題上,《消費者報告》的出版方消費者聯盟取得一項重大突破。消費者聯盟的約翰·桑塔對《新聞周刊》表示,2010年,他們成功說服胸外科醫師學會公布一些關鍵信息,其中包括30天死亡率,嚴重感染等並發症,實施手術數量以及患者是否接受適當藥物治療。為了說服胸外科醫師學會公布這些信息,他們整整努力了兩年之久。但在其950個成員組(這裏的“組”代表一名或者幾名外科醫生)中,隻有221個組同意公布他們的數據。
在政府或者醫療機構公布醫生的相關信息前,患者仍將處於黑暗之中。對於癌症外科手術,當前最理想的數據庫是由美國外科醫生學院癌症委員會整理創建的一個數據庫。進入這個數據庫並選擇“詳細信息”,可以看到具體的城市、州或者郵編等信息,同時找到附近的癌症治療機構以及他們每年通過外科手術治療的不同類型和階段的癌症病例數量。了解這些信息之後,患者至少不會讓那些從未治療過自己所患癌症的醫生為其實施治療。但這個數據庫仍無法提供患者最希望獲得的信息,即在選擇外科醫生治療其所患癌症前需要了解的全部信息。