射天狼
天弓 神箭
稀土是17種 稀有元素的統稱。
The 17 rare-earth elements are
cerium (Ce), dysprosium (Dy),
erbium (Er),
europium(Eu), gadolinium (Gd),
holmium (Ho), lanthanum (La),
lutetium (Lu), neodymium(Nd),
praseodymium (Pr), promethium (Pm),
samarium (Sm), scandium (Sc),
terbium (Tb), thulium (Tm),
ytterbium (Yb), and yttrium (Y).
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China's position as the world's dominant producer and supplier of rare earths (97% of total output)。
一說中國稀土產量占全球總產量的 70% 以上，甚至高達97%。
稀土在華的貯藏量 為地球的40% （？）
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Rare earths aren’t particularly rare. Cerium, the most abundant, is more common in the Earth’s crust than copper. All other rare-earth elements, besides promethium, can be found more widely than silver, gold, or platinum, according to the U.S. Geological Survey. However, concentrated and economic deposits are scarce, and production is dominated by a handful of countries. China is the biggest by far, accounting for almost 70% of global production and 40% of the world’s reserves, USGS data show.
Rare But Everywhere
Rare-earth elements have widespread uses in defense, energy and technology
徐光憲（1920年11月7日－2015年4月28日），浙江紹興人，中國物理化學家、無機化學家、教育家，中國科學院院士，北京大學化學與分子工程學院教授，稀土材料化學國家重點實驗室學術委員會名譽主任，中國稀土之父，稀土工業奠基人。【徐光憲於1936年考入浙江大學高工土木科。1944年畢業於交通大學化學係；1951年獲美國哥倫比亞大學博士學位，師從C.D.Beckmann教授。回國後在北京大學任教。1980年當選為中國科學院化學部院士。1993年7月浙江大學化學係兼職教授。2012年3月擔任北京浙大校友會化工分會名譽會長。【 徐光憲與合作者在量子化學領域中，提出了原子價的新概念nxcπ結構規則和分子的周期律、同係線性規律的量子化學基礎和稀土化合物的電子結構特征，被授予國家自然科學二等獎，他編著的《物質結構》被授予國家優秀教材特等獎。他創建的“串級萃取理論”解決了稀土分離的難題，在全國普遍推廣應用後，使中國單一高純稀土的生產與外貿占到全世界90%以上的份額，迫使美日稀土分離廠停產，取得國際領先水平和巨大的經濟及社會效益。【 2015年4月28日上午，徐光憲因病醫治無效，在北京逝世，享年95歲。-------------
Rare earths aren’t particularly rare. Cerium, the most abundant, is more common in the Earth’s crust than copper. All other rare-earth elements, besides promethium, can be found more widely than silver, gold, or platinum, according to the U.S. Geological Survey. However, concentrated and economic deposits are scarce, and production is dominated by a handful of countries. China is the biggest by far, accounting for almost 70% of global production and 40% of the world’s reserves, USGS data show.
China’s rare earth market is dominated by a handful of producers including China Northern Rare Earth Group, Minmetals Rare Earth Co., Xiamen Tungsten Co. and Chinalco Rare Earth & Metals Co. The nation has form in using the elements to make a political point. It blocked exports to Japan after a maritime dispute in 2010, although the consequent spike in prices saw a flurry of activity to secure supplies elsewhere, which would be the risk again if Beijing follows through with its threat of retaliation.
China Northern rose as much as 9.3% in Shanghai, while Lynas Corp., the biggest producer of rare earth products outside China, added as much as 16% in Sydney. Hong Kong-listed China Rare Earth Holdings Ltd. spiked as much as 41% and has doubled in value in May.
China’s stranglehold is so strong that the U.S. joined with other nations earlier this decade in a World Trade Organization case to force the nation to export more amid a global shortage. The WTO ruled in favor of America, while prices eventually slumped as manufacturers turned to alternatives.
In December 2017, U.S. President Donald Trump signed an executive order to reduce the country’s dependence on external sources of critical minerals, including rare earths, which was aimed at reducing U.S. vulnerability to supply disruptions.
