這篇文章是要人們認識到“個人主義(Individualism)”的“特權”性,也就是說,個人主義不是天經地義理所當然唯我獨尊的,如果沒有社會的認同,個人主義再好也是白日夢。從夢到現實,需要“集體”的同意,給予個人主義“特權”。這種同意,是通過選舉磋商達到的,具體做法是通過各種福利製度。福利製度不是個人主義的障礙,而是個人主義得以實現的基礎。因此不要一說民主黨,就是搞大鍋飯集體主義,談虎色變。兩黨不過是在不停地給社會尋找平衡,為不同階層爭取福利而已。對集體主義那種恐懼不是不應該有,但西方製度本來就是走在一條狹窄的山脊,太左太右都可能掉下山去,是一種平衡。
在西方世界,“個人主義”長期以來被認為是給個人賦能的源泉,是社會財富增長的動力。從尼采開始,到上世紀的艾茵·蘭德(Ayn Rand)、弗裏德裏希·哈耶克和米爾頓·弗裏德曼等思想家都把個人自主、自我利益和自由市場作為優先考慮,成為個人主義哲學的倡導者。裏根和撒切爾夫人則作為政府領袖把這種哲學運用到政府運作上,通過私有化讓企業和社會更有活力。在這一範式中,任何偏離個體主義的觀點都被視為低劣的,還會被貼上社會主義、集體主義或群體思維的標簽。這一敘事滲透到文化和政治話語中,塑造了西方現代社會價值觀和期望。
然而,盡管個體主義具有眾所周知而且曆史也證明了的優點,我們還是必須認識到這一世界觀歸根結底是一種“特權”,它隻有在“支持”它的社會框架內才能維持,在不支持它的社會框架裏就什麽都不是。如果社會集體對它不滿,個人主義就會被挑戰甚至被推翻。一旦進入那種狀態,個人主義將化為泡影,正如在古巴和前蘇聯發生的那樣,個人主義隻能是一種懷舊了。
進一步說,個體主義讚美自我努力有所成就者的人,認為個人可以通過努力、聰明才智和毅力決心而崛起。這個概念無疑激勵了無數人,並促進了西方世界的創新和經濟增長。然而,任何理論都有其局限性。在西方社會中,個體主義的發揮實際上以成員能在一定程度上認同支撐其規範和價值觀為前提。因為個人的能力有不同,而且社會需要更多的普通人,所以,大多數人即使努力,也不見得能過上好生活。即使不努力,這個社會也沒有權利讓這些人去努力。在西方社會,沒有“各盡所能”這個要求。那麽這些人,是否讚成個人主義就不是理所當然的事。而他們人手一票,不一定願意給“個人主義”這個“特權”。
但是幾百年來,至少在英美,個人主義還是大行其道的,因為種種原因,個人主義一直擁有這個權利,很多人因此甚至不覺得這隻是一個特權,而是理所當然。我們必須重新認識清楚,如果我們覺得個人主義是好的,那我們必須滿足一定條件來讓這一特權能夠繼續獲得。為什麽個人主義在英美得到這種特權了呢?因為社會發達,窮人的生活也得到提高,英國曆史上窮人的福利就比法國好,貧富差距小,因此英國沒有發生法國大革命那樣的慘烈狀況。而貢鏟主義運動之所以在俄國成功,也是因為當時的俄國發生普遍的貧困。二月革命和十月革命的時候,人們普遍餓肚子,吃不上飯所以上街了。
今天也一樣,例如,生活在美國南方和鐵鏽帶的貧困人群常常聲稱他們被政府控製失去自由,他們也普遍支持共和黨,而共和黨人更多宣稱自己是個人主義。但這些人實際上是希望政府幹預以阻止全球化,因為全球化將工作崗位轉移到亞洲,而全球化是以自由市場的名義進行的,也是個人主義的延伸。所以,個人財富利益才是任何群體最重要的考量因素,我們也必須承認個體主義的理想不能脫離個人利益。
因此,無限製的個人主義,加上巨大的財富差距,會嚴重破壞個體主義得以蓬勃發展的環境。為了維護和保護個體主義,必須持續改善福利係統,維護支持個人主義的環境。這樣說來,福利框架並不是對社會主義或集體主義的讓步,而是讓“特權”個體主義得以繁榮的關鍵基礎。
西方的民主過程則可以促進各群體的談判,選舉培養社會成員的歸屬感和責任感,確保成員同意支持個體主義的特權框架。
總之,盡管在西方個人主義常被讚美為一種更優越的真理,但必須認識到其“特權”屬性。它隻有在社會共識和福利框架的支持下才能蓬勃發展。福利不是個人主義的障礙,而是一種必要,通過協商決定其程度——這是一種冷酷的科學事實,支撐著個體主義的可持續性。
“Privileged” Individualism
In the Western world, individualism has long been celebrated as a hallmark of progress and a source of personal empowerment. Thinkers such as Friedrich Nietzsche, Ayn Rand, Friedrich Hayek, and Milton Friedman have risen to prominence as advocates of a philosophy that prioritizes personal autonomy, self-interest, and the free market. Within this paradigm, any deviation from individualism is often dismissed as inferior, labeled socialist, collective, or indicative of a herd mentality. This narrative has permeated cultural and political discourse, shaping societal values and expectations. However, while individualism carries substantial merits, it is essential to recognize that this worldview is ultimately a "privileged" one—sustainable only within a societal framework that supports it. In times of collective discontent, as seen in countries like Cuba and the former Soviet Union, this framework can be challenged or dismantled.
The philosophical foundations of individualism celebrate the notion of the self-made person, positing that individuals can rise through effort, ingenuity, and determination. This concept has undeniably inspired countless individuals and fostered innovation and economic growth. However, like any theory, individualism has its limits. In Western societies, it operates on the assumption that all members subscribe to the norms and values that underpin it.
It's also crucial to acknowledge that the ideal of individualism is never divorced from personal interest. For instance, impoverished individuals in the Rust Belt often claim they've lost freedom from government overreach. However, the reality is that many desire government intervention to mitigate the effects of globalization, which has transferred jobs to Asia in the name of free-market ideals. Personal wealth remains the dominant consideration for any group. Historically, significant wealth disparities have fueled revolutions, as seen in the French Revolution, where inequities in France surpassed those in contemporary Britain. Similarly, communism took root in Russia and China largely due to widespread poverty.
Consequently, unchecked individualism, coupled with vast wealth disparities, undermines the environment necessary for individualism to thrive. To maintain and protect this ideal, continuous improvement in welfare systems is essential. This welfare framework should not be viewed as a concession to socialism or collectivism; rather, it is a crucial foundation for privileged individualism.
Democratic processes can facilitate group negotiations, fostering a sense of ownership and responsibility that ensures all members of society consent to the pro-individualism framework.
In conclusion, while individualism is often hailed as a superior truth, it is vital to recognize its "privileged" nature. It flourishes only when supported by societal consensus and welfare. Welfare is not an obstacle but a negotiated necessity—a cold, scientific fact that underpins the sustainability of individualism.