【New words and expressions】（11）
jazz n. 爵士音樂
musical adj. 音樂的
instrument n. 樂器
clavichord n. 古鋼琴
recently adv. 最近
damage v. 損壞
key n. 琴鍵
string n. （樂器的）弦
shock v. 使不悅或生氣，震驚
allow v. 允許，讓
touch v. 觸摸
★jazz n. 爵士音樂
a kind of music
★musical adj. 音樂的
musical student 有音樂天賦的人
music student 學音樂的人（the student who learned music）
★instrument n. 樂器
instrument=musical instrument
instrument常用的意思是“器械”、“器具”，尤指醫療、機器等方麵的。也可用來泛指各種樂器。
★clavichord n. 古鋼琴, 不是現代的piano
a kind of instrument
★recently adv. 最近
recently=lately
★damage v. 損壞
① n. 損害，損失，傷害
The storm has done a lot of damage to the village.
② vt. 損害，毀壞，損壞
The car was badly damaged in the accident.
★key n. 琴鍵
① n. 琴鍵
② n. 鑰匙，答案
key to the door 門鑰匙
Do you know the key to the question?
③ adj. 關鍵的
key structure
★shock v. 使不悅或生氣, 震驚
① v. 使不悅或生氣, 震驚
跟人的情緒有關的動詞的賓語往往是 “人” (以sth.為主語)
The news shocks me. 這個消息使我震驚
② adj. 令人震驚的
It is shocking.
③ adj. 感到震驚
凡是能夠用 “人” 做賓語, 又是表示人的情緒活動的動詞, 有兩個形容詞形成：令人……（V+ing）；感到……（V+ed）
I'm shocked.
④ n. 震驚
get a shock
sb. get a shock 某人很吃驚
shock 必指壞事, 令人不悅, 生氣的
surprise 好事壞事都可以, 隻要你沒有料到的
I want to give you surprise.
★allow v. 允許, 讓
allow doing sth.
Smoking is allowed.＝people allow smoking
allow sb. to do sth. / sb.be allowed to do sth.
allow常用於被動語態
You are allowed to smoke(被動語態)
You are not allowed to enter the room if you don't take the card with you
★touch v. 觸摸
① vt.&vi. 觸摸，碰
You are not allowed to touch the vase.
② vt. 談及，涉及，關係到
A rise in the cost of living touches everyone. 生活費用的增加與每個人都有關係。
【Text】
We have an old musical instrument. It is called a clavichord. It was made in Germany in 1681. Our clavichord is kept in the living room. It has belonged to our family for a long time. The instrument was bought by my grandfather many years ago. Recently it was damaged by a visitor. She tried to play jazz on it! She struck the keys too hard and two of the strings were broken. My father was shocked. Now we are not allowed to touch it. It is being repaired by a friend of my father's.
參考譯文
我家有件古樂器, 被稱作古鋼琴, 是1681年德國造的. 我們的這架古鋼琴存放在起居室裏. 我們家有這件樂器已經很久了, 是我祖父在很多年以前買的. 可它最近被一個客人弄壞了, 因為她用它來彈奏爵士樂. 她在擊琴鍵時用力過猛, 損壞了兩根琴弦. 我父親大為吃驚, 不許我們再動它. 父親的一個朋友正在修理這件樂器.
【課文講解】
1、It is called a clavichord.
call在這裏的意思是“把……稱為”、“稱呼”，既可用於主動態，也可用於被動語態。
call sb.sth./sb.be called 稱某人為……，什麽被稱為……
What do you call this? 你們把這稱為什麽？
2、It has belonged to our family for a long time.
belong是一個表示狀態的動詞，而不是行為動詞，所以不能用於進行時，常用的時態是一般現在時和現在過去時。
This farm belongs to me and it belonged to my father before me.
3、She tried to play jazz on it!
play n. 玩，演奏（樂器等）
① 跟球類連用, 直接+球類;
② 跟樂器連用, +the+樂器, 演奏樂器而非音樂
③ play music on + 樂器 , 一定要用 “on”
【Key structures】
被動語態
主動語態與被動語態皆指動詞的形式而言。在主動句中，動詞的主語是執行動作的人或物；在被動句中，動作是對主語執行的。
被動語態由be的一種形式和過去分詞構成。主動語態的時態用法規則也適用於被動語態。動詞作及物動詞用時才能構成被動語態。如果要說明是什麽人或什麽東西做了某事，則用“by+行為主體”結構。“行為主體”也可以不表示出來。
【Special Difficulties】
與被動語態的made連用的幾個介詞
made in表示產地或時間
It was made in Germany.
made of表示用某種材料製成（通常指製造後不改變該材料原來的性質或形狀）
The tea pot is made of silver.
made from表示用數種材料製成，或者是製造後改變了材料原來的性質或形狀
Paper can be made from wood.
made by表示由誰製造
This cake was made by my sister.
be made into 被製成……
The gold is made into a ring.
雙重所有格
雙重所有格/雙重屬格 : 名詞+of+名詞所有格(名詞性的物主代詞)
英語中通常用-’s和of結構來表示所有格。-’s結構通常用在人名和表示人稱的名詞的末尾，而of結構則常與無生命的名詞連用。
-’s結構的所有格可用於of結構之後，稱為雙重所有格。在名詞前麵，可以用a，this，that，these，some，any，no等，但不用the。
He is a friend of mine. 含有“他是我的一個特殊的或惟一的朋友”之意。
He is no friend of mine. 含義是“我根本不認識他”或“他是我的敵人”
強調很多當中的一個或幾個的時候, 選用雙重屬格結構
a friend of my father/my father's friend(s) 隻有一個朋友
a friend of my father's 很多朋友中的一個
It happened to a friend of mine. 我的很多朋友中的一個
【Multiple choice questions】
7 We are not allowed to touch it. We ___a___ touch it.
a. mustn't b. mustn't to c. haven't to d. don't have to
肯定結構中must和have to是一個概念；否定結構中must和have to就不一樣了，mustn't:不準, 不可以；have to的否定：don't have to不必(have實意動詞)
You don't have to go to school. 今天你不必去上學
You mustn't go to school. 今天你不許去上學
9 It's kept in the living room. That's where we ___a___ it.
a. have b. hold c. lift d. carry
keep(kept,kept) v. 保持，保存
keep sth.+地點 在某地放……(狀態)
put v. 放(動作)；lift v. 舉起；carry v. 扛著, 背著, 抱著
hold v. 擁有, 持有, 握著；have v. 擁有
That's後麵+以特殊疑問詞引導的從句
That's where 那就是……的地方
That's why 那就是……的原因
10 The visitor damaged it. She ___c___ it.
a. hurt b. pained c. broke d. destroyed
damaged：可以修複
destroy：無法修複
pain：有身體的疼痛
broke：打破, 打斷, 打碎
I broke my leg.
★hurt
① hurt oneself/身體的某個部位 ……受傷
Hurt my leg.
② 身體的某個部位+hurt ……疼痛
My hand hurts.
③ hurt feelings 傷害……感情，……受傷
