【惠蘭的翻譯】《....指南》31-33頁,English/Chinese

全國保護地體係保護融資計劃指南及早期教程》（第31-33頁，英漢對照）

原文: 馬龍•弗洛雷斯, 吉列爾莫•裏韋羅, 費爾南多•萊昂, 吉列爾莫•陳等
漢譯: 惠蘭

 

Financial Planning for National Systems of Protected Areas: Guidelines and Early Lessons
By Marlon Flores, Guillermo Rivero, Fernando León, Guillermo Chan, et al.

Translated by Huilan 

Two examples of useful levels of analysis for the preselection of mechanisms are presented below:
The first level of analysis is based on the comparison of the expected financial impact and the complexity of implementing the mechanism. Financial impact is defined as the capacity to generate financial resources, while respecting environmental and social standards.
Complexity includes variables such as duration, multisectoral coordination required, and the need for legal, institutional and administrative reforms, among others.
This first level of analysis makes it possible to identify which financial mechanisms would have a greater or lesser impact, and which would involve a greater or lesser complexity of implementation. The results of this analysis helps planners eliminate a number of financial options, thereby reducing the time and cost of conducting a true cost-benefits analysis to all mechanisms.
This method of preselecting financial mechanisms is more effective if carried out through qualitative data gathering methods, including: interviews with key staff, workshops, focus groups, and the review of reports and previous research. The application of the method should be adapted to local or national conditions.
Figure 4 presents an example of the application of an impact-complexity analysis to a set of financial mechanisms being considered to support the sustainability of a protected area. In the example, the eight mechanisms listed below were identified after exploring possible goods and services (such as hikes, scenic value, water resources) the area has to offer, as well as potential clients (such as tourists, film producers, the water company).
As can be seen, Mechanism collection of spare Change is located in the “Low Impact ? Low Complexity” quadrant. Implementing this mechanism may only require coin collection boxes and a sign appealing to tourists to leave their spare change as a contribution to the preservation of biodiversity. In general, mechanisms that fall within this quadrant known as “rapid results”  do not require deep analyses, involve low investment, and can be implemented by the protected area staff in a relatively simple way. They are short-term implementation mechanisms. However, it should be noted that the time frame depends on the legal framework in force in each protected area.
Mechanisms 2, 3, and 4 sale of souvenirs, volunteer program, and voluntary donations in restaurant and hotel accounts are located in the “High Impact Low Complexity” quadrant, suggesting that their implementation should be a high priority. Generally, mechanisms located in this quadrant require a good level of coordination and good relations with other stakeholders in order to facilitate implementation. As a result, these mechanisms can be implemented in the short and medium term. Normally, they do not require exhaustive studies, although there may be cases in which it is necessary to gather specific information to facilitate the analysis, but they do require concrete action plans to render them operational.
The “High Impact High Complexity” quadrant contains Mechanisms 5, 6, 7, and 8: adopt a hectare, increase entrance fees, payment for water use, and establishment of a trust fund. These mechanisms are both promising and uncertain sources of income. In general, they require detailed studies to clarify their financial viability and collateral aspects, such as the need for legal reform and the identification of necessary abilities, among others. Mechanisms that fall within this quadrant are usually implemented in the medium and long term.
Mechanisms located in the “Low Impact High Complexity” quadrant are a low priority. Generally, they require the investment of resources and the success of their implementation is uncertain. It is not recommended that detailed viability studies be carried out for these mechanisms.
The result of the pre-selection is a clear mapping of the most promising financial mechanisms. This makes it possible to eliminate options that do not contribute
significantly to the financial sustainability of the area, given their low impact and/or high complexity. It should be stressed that ranking financial mechanisms (in terms of complexity and impact) depends on each country’s context.

 

    下麵是兩個對預選機製有用的層次分析實例：

    第一層次的分析是基於比較預期的財政影響和實施機製的複雜性基礎上的。財政影響定義為：在尊重環境和社會標準的前提下，獲取資金來源的能力。

    複雜性包括若幹變量，如期限、多部門協調的需要，以及對法律、體製和行政改革等等的需要。第一層次的分析有助於確定哪種機製會帶來較大或較小的影響，以及哪種機製會涉及較大或較小的實施複雜性。這種分析的結果，有助於規劃者消除一些財政選擇，從而減少對全部機製進行真正的成本-效益分析所需的成本和時間。

　　如果用定性數據的收集方法來做的話，這種財政機製預選方法會更為有效。數據收集的方法包括：采訪主要工作人員、舉辦研討會、組織重點小組和審查已做過的報告和研究等等。應用的方法應符合當地或那個國家的情況。

　　圖4展示一個應用影響-複雜性分析方法，去分析一套為支持一個保護地可持續性而擬定的財政機製的實例。在例子中，通過對這一地區必須提供的可能的產品和服務（比如徒步旅行，景觀價值以及水資源等等）以及潛在的客戶(例如遊客，電影製作商以及水廠)等的初步探索，列出了以下八種機製。

　　從圖上可見，收集多餘零錢的機製是設在“低影響-低複雜性” 象限上的。執行這一機製，可能隻需硬幣收集箱和一個標誌，來呼籲遊客留下他們的多餘零錢作為對生物多樣性保護的貢獻。一般情況下，屬於這一象限的機製稱為“快速結果”，這並不需要深刻分析，而且投資少，同時還可以由保護地工作人員用一種比較簡單的方式來實施。這些都是短期實施機製。不過應當指出的是，實施的時間需要取決於在每一個保護地裏有效的法律休體製。

　　機製2、3、4為紀念品的出售、誌願者計劃以及在餐館和酒店的帳戶上自願捐助。其位於“高影響-低複雜性”象限，表明其實施應為高度優先。一般說來，位於這個象限的機製需要一個良好的協調以及與其他利益相關者建立良好的關係來促進執行。因此，可以在短中期實施這些機製。盡管在某些情況下有必要收集一些特別的信息以幫助分析，但通常不需要做詳盡的研究，不過，這需要具體的行動計劃以確保其可操作性。

　　“高影響-高複雜性”象限包括機製5、6、7、8，即劃出一公頃土地，增加門票費，水資源有償使用並建立一個信托基金。這些機製都很有希望，但收入來源不穩定。一般情況下，這些機製需要做詳細的研究，闡明其財政的可行性和其他有關方麵的情況，比如法律改革的需要和必要能力的確認等等。屬於這個象限的機製通常在中長期實施。

　　位於“低影響-高複雜性”機製的象限為低優先。一般來說，他們需要資源的投入但成功並不確定。建議不必對這些機製進行詳細的可行性研究。

　　預選的結果是一個清晰而最有希望的財政機製圖。這樣就可以排除對這一地區財政可持續性沒有明顯貢獻的低影響-高複雜性機製。應該強調，財政機製排序 (根據複雜性和影響力)取決於每個國家的實際情況。